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Severe (including fatal) health incidents related to ecstasy have been reported but a risk assessment of acute non-fatal and fatal ecstasy-related health incidents has never been performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the current risk assessment review, national data of non-fatal health incidents collected in the Netherlands were combined with the nationwide exposure to ecstasy, that is, last-year prevalence of ecstasy use. In addition, the annual number of ecstasy-related deaths in Great Britain (Scotland, Wales and England) was used to assess the risk of fatal ecstasy-related cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the Netherlands, the estimated risk of a moderate to severe acute health incident following the use of ecstasy is one in 900 pills (0.11%), whereas for cocaine it is one in 1600 doses (0.06%) and for gamma-hydroxybutyrate one in 95 doses (1.05%). With respect to ecstasy-related deaths in Great Britain, the estimated risk of ecstasy alone per user is 0.01\u20130.06%, which is close to the range of the fatality risk in chronic alcohol users (0.01\u20130.02%), amphetamine users (0.005%) and cocaine users (0.05%), but much lower than that of opiate use (heroin and morphine: 0.35%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current review shows that almost no data are available on the health risks of ecstasy use. The few data that are available show that ecstasy is not a safe substance. However, compared to opiates (heroin, morphine), the risk of acute ecstasy-related adverse health incidents per ecstasy user and per ecstasy use session is relatively low.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119897559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]],"date-time":"2020-01-07T10:37:28Z","timestamp":1578393448000},"page":"591-599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Fatal and non-fatal health incidents related to recreational ecstasy use"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8847-4387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"van Amsterdam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ed","family":"Pennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Maastricht Forensic Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"van den Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0269881119897559","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050324518789214"},{"key":"bibr2-0269881119897559","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.11.002"},{"key":"bibr3-0269881119897559","volume-title":"The Distribution of Ecstasy. 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