{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T19:11:18Z","timestamp":1782587478909,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590364800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is associated with impaired cognitive functioning. Glutamatergic pathways have been linked with cognition and are hypothesized to be disrupted in 22q11.2DS patients, possibly \u2018shifting\u2019 the excitatory (glutamate)\/inhibitory (GABA) balance. Hence, the glutamate\/GABA balance may constitute a target for pharmacological treatment. We aimed to examine alterations of glutamate\/GABA metabolites in 22q11.2DS in vivo using riluzole, a compound with glutamate\/GABA-modulating action, as pharmacological challenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventeen 22q11.2DS patients and 20 matched healthy controls were enrolled in this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Glutamate and glutamine concentrations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and striatum, as well as ACC GABA concentrations were obtained after placebo and after a single dose of 50\u2009mg riluzole using 7-Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Within the 22q11.2DS group, the relationship between metabolite concentrations and cognition was examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No group differences were found in ACC and striatal metabolite concentrations following placebo. Riluzole numerically decreased ACC ( \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =\u20090.094) but not striatal glutamate concentrations as well as ACC GABA concentrations ( \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =\u20090.176) in all subjects. In both regions, riluzole did not alter glutamine concentration. No interaction effects were found. Although not significant after Bonferroni correction, ACC glutamate concentrations were inversely correlated with cognitive functions in 22q11.2DS patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We did not demonstrate altered ACC and striatal metabolite concentrations in 22q11.2DS. Nevertheless, these results suggest that glutamate and GABA can be modulated with a single dose of riluzole. Possibly, riluzole may have memory-enhancing effects in 22q11.2DS. Future studies should examine the long-term effects of riluzole on cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120922977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T03:14:28Z","timestamp":1590376468000},"page":"856-863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Glutamatergic and GABAergic reactivity and cognition in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and healthy volunteers: A randomized double-blind 7-Tesla pharmacological MRS study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7790-5041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Vingerhoets","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desmond HY","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathilde","family":"van Oudenaren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Hernaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"van Duin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janneke","family":"Zinkstok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes G","family":"Ramaekers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacobus FA","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grainne","family":"McAlonan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Therese","family":"van Amelsvoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the 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