{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T11:56:13Z","timestamp":1793361373860,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014461","name":"nihr biomedical research centre, royal marsden nhs foundation trust\/institute of cancer research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BRC-1215-20005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRC-1215-20005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014461","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antihypertensive drugs, especially calcium channel blockers, have been associated with differential rates of a number of neuropsychiatric outcomes. Delirium is commonly attributed to medication, including antihypertensive drugs, but delirium incidence has not been compared directly between antihypertensive drug classes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a federated electronic health records network of 25.5 million people aged 50 years or older, we measured rates of delirium over a two-year period in patients prescribed calcium channel blockers compared to the other main antihypertensive drug classes. Extensive propensity score matching was used to create cohorts matched for a range of demographic factors and delirium risk factors. Negative control outcomes were also measured.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohort sizes ranged from 54,000\u2013577,000. Delirium was more common with calcium channel blockers than with renin-angiotensin system agents (~40% higher) but less common than with beta-blockers (~20% lower). These differences remained when patients with a range of other delirium risk factors were excluded, and they were not paralleled by the negative control outcomes. Comparisons between calcium channel blockers and diuretics produced inconclusive results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Calcium channel blockers are associated with higher rates of delirium than renin-angiotensin system agents, but lower rates compared to beta-blockers. The findings add to the list of factors which may be considered when choosing antihypertensive drug class.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120936501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T05:08:42Z","timestamp":1594184922000},"page":"848-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Rates of delirium associated with calcium channel blockers compared to diuretics, renin-angiotensin system agents and beta-blockers: An electronic health records network study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6719-1126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, 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