{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:26:25Z","timestamp":1785885985918,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)) has a relatively low harm and low dependence liability but is scheduled on List I of the Dutch Opium Act (\u2018hard drugs\u2019). Concerns surrounding increasing MDMA-related criminality coupled with the possibly inappropriate scheduling of MDMA initiated a debate to revise the current Dutch ecstasy policy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An interdisciplinary group of 18 experts on health, social harms and drug criminality and law enforcement reformulated the science-based Dutch MDMA policy using multi-decision multi-criterion decision analysis (MD-MCDA). The experts collectively formulated policy instruments and rated their effects on 25 outcome criteria, including health, criminality, law enforcement and financial issues, thematically grouped in six clusters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The experts scored the effect of 22 policy instruments, each with between two and seven different mutually exclusive options, on 25 outcome criteria. The optimal policy model was defined by the set of 22 policy instrument options which gave the highest overall score on the 25 outcome criteria. Implementation of the optimal policy model, including regulated MDMA sales, decreases health harms, MDMA-related organised crime and environmental damage, as well as increases state revenues and quality of MDMA products and user information. This model was slightly modified to increase its political feasibility. Sensitivity analyses showed that the outcomes of the current MD-MCDA are robust and independent of variability in weight values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present results provide a feasible and realistic set of policy instrument options to revise the legislation towards a rational MDMA policy that is likely to reduce both adverse (public) health risks and MDMA-related criminal burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120981380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T21:34:57Z","timestamp":1612820097000},"page":"537-546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Developing a new national MDMA policy: Results of a multi-decision multi-criterion decision analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8847-4387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"van Amsterdam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0336-9589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gjalt-Jorn Ygram","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ed","family":"Pennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Maastricht Forensic Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Blickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TNI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaj","family":"Hollemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KH Legal Advice, Den Haag, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8787-4610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joost J Jacobus","family":"Breeksema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; University Centre of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes G","family":"Ramaekers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Neuroscience and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cees","family":"Maris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Law, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floor","family":"van Bakkum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jellinek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ton","family":"Nabben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Management, Faculty Society and Law, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem","family":"Scholten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Willem Scholten Consultancy, Lopik, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tjibbe","family":"Reitsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stichting Drugsbeleid, Haarlem, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0684-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Noijen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jellinek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1833-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raoul","family":"Koning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jellinek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"van den Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0269881120981380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12445-018-0285-y"},{"key":"bibr2-0269881120981380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/18719732-12341385"},{"key":"bibr3-0269881120981380","unstructured":"Commission Knottnerus (2018) Advisory committee experiment closed cannabis chain, chaired by A. 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