{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T09:48:01Z","timestamp":1794044881084,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-DN-BX-0193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-DN-BX-0193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R44 DA046272-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44 DA046272-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DA07209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DA07209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cannabis legalization is expanding, but there are no established methods for detecting cannabis impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Characterize the acute impairing effects of oral and vaporized cannabis using various performance tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants ( N\u2009=\u200920, 10 men\/10 women) who were infrequent cannabis users ingested cannabis brownies (0, 10, and 25\u2009mg \u0394-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, THC) and inhaled vaporized cannabis (0, 5, and 20\u2009mg THC) in six double-blind outpatient sessions. Cognitive\/psychomotor impairment was assessed with a battery of computerized tasks sensitive to cannabis effects, a novel test (the DRiving Under the Influence of Drugs, DRUID\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), and field sobriety tests. Blood THC concentrations and subjective drug effects were evaluated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Low oral\/vaporized doses did not impair cognitive\/psychomotor performance relative to placebo but produced positive subjective effects. High oral\/vaporized doses impaired cognitive\/psychomotor performance and increased positive and negative subjective effects. The DRUID\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      was the most sensitive test to cannabis impairment, as it detected significant differences between placebo and active doses within both routes of administration. Women displayed more impairment on the DRUID\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      than men at the high vaporized dose only. Field sobriety tests showed little sensitivity to cannabis-induced impairment. Blood THC concentrations were far lower after cannabis ingestion versus inhalation. After inhalation, blood THC concentrations typically returned to baseline well before pharmacodynamic effects subsided.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Standard approaches for identifying impairment due to cannabis exposure (i.e. blood THC and field sobriety tests) have severe limitations. There is a need to identify novel biomarkers of cannabis exposure and\/or behavioral tests like the DRUID\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      that can reliably and accurately detect cannabis impairment at the roadside and in the workplace.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211021583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T16:25:03Z","timestamp":1622305503000},"page":"786-803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Assessment of cognitive and psychomotor impairment, subjective effects, and blood THC concentrations following acute administration of oral and vaporized cannabis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2859-116X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tory 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