{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T19:02:34Z","timestamp":1784919754866,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare different \u03b2-adrenoceptor antagonists for the risk of reporting nightmare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study involved two approaches: first, we investigated in VigiBase\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      , the World Health Organization Individual Case Safety Report (ICSR) database, the disproportionality between exposure to each \u03b2-adrenoceptor antagonists and reports of nightmares between 1967 and 2019. Second, in a pharmacoepidemiological\u2013pharmacodynamic analysis, we assessed whether use of \u03b2-adrenoceptor antagonists with moderate and high lipid solubility or strong 5-HT\n                      <jats:sub>1A<\/jats:sub>\n                      affinity were associated with an increased risk of reporting nightmares. We conducted multivariate logistic regression to estimate reporting odds ratios (RORs) of nightmares compared to all other adverse drug reactions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 126,964 reports recorded with \u03b2-adrenoceptor antagonists, 1138 (0.9%) were nightmares. The highest risk of reporting a nightmare was found with exposure of pindolol (adjusted ROR 2.82, 95%CI, 2.19\u20133.61), metoprolol (1.89, 1.66\u20132.16), and alprenolol (1.77, 1.06\u20132.97). Compared to use of low lipid solubility \u03b2-adrenoceptor antagonists, use of moderate or high lipid solubility \u03b2-adrenoceptor antagonists were significantly more associated with nightmare reports (aROR moderate vs. low 1.72, 95%CI 1.47\u20132.00 and aROR high vs. low 1.84, 95%CI 1.53\u20132.22). Use of moderate or high 5-HT\n                      <jats:sub>1A<\/jats:sub>\n                      affinity of \u03b2-adrenoceptor antagonists was associated with an increased ROR of nightmares compared with low 5-HT\n                      <jats:sub>1A<\/jats:sub>\n                      affinity of \u03b2-adrenoceptor antagonists (aROR moderate vs. low 1.22, 95%CI 1.04\u20131.43 and aROR high vs. low 2.46, 95%CI 1.93\u20133.13).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In our large pharmacovigilance study, nightmares are more frequently reported for pindolol and metoprolol, and among \u03b2-adrenoceptor antagonists with high lipid solubility and high 5-HT\n                      <jats:sub>1A<\/jats:sub>\n                      receptor affinity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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