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In contrast, experimentally increased systemic catecholamine levels have been shown to increase goal-directed behaviour. Whether experimentally increased catecholamine function can modulate stress-induced reductions in goal-directed behaviour and its neural substrates, is currently unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess whether and how experimentally induced increases in dopamine and noradrenaline contribute to the acute stress effects on goal-directed behaviour and associated brain activation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred participants underwent a stress induction protocol (Maastricht acute stress test; MAST) or a control procedure and received methylphenidate (MPH) (40\u2009mg, oral) or placebo according to a 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 between-subjects design. In a well-established instrumental learning paradigm, participants learnt stimulus\u2013response\u2013outcome associations, after which rewards were selectively devalued. Participants\u2019 brain activation and associated goal-directed behaviour were assessed in a magnetic resonance imaging scanner at peak cortisol\/MPH concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MAST and MPH increased physiological measures of stress (salivary cortisol and blood pressure), but only MAST increased subjective measures of stress. MPH modulated stress effects on activation of brain areas associated with goal-directed behaviour, including insula, putamen, amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, frontal pole and orbitofrontal cortex. However, MPH did not modulate the tendency of stress to induce a reduction in goal-directed behaviour.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our neuroimaging data suggest that MPH-induced increases in dopamine and noradrenaline reverse stress-induced changes in key brain regions associated with goal-directed behaviour, while behavioural effects were absent. These effects may be relevant for preventing stress-induced maladaptive behaviour like in addiction or binge eating disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211044679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T09:03:08Z","timestamp":1631610188000},"page":"1449-1463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Dopaminergic and noradrenergic modulation of stress-induced alterations in brain activation associated with goal-directed behaviour"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3802-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"van Ruitenbeek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conny WEM","family":"Quaedflieg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Hernaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Hartogsveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Smeets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"CoRPS \u2013 Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic Diseases, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Noord-Brabant, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00336-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","unstructured":"Andersson JLRJ Jenkinson M Smith S (2010) Non-linear registration aka spatial normalisation. 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