{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:23:14Z","timestamp":1789564994174,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The United States boasts the largest prison population in the world, conferring significant direct and indirect costs (e.g. lost wages for the incarcerated, increased morbidity\/mortality, etc.) to society. Recidivism rates are high for the imprisoned and most interventions to reduce criminality are minimally effective. Thus, in addition to the need for criminal justice reform, there is a need to better understand factors linked to lowered criminal behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between the use of classic psychedelic substances (psilocybin, LSD, peyote, and mescaline) and past year arrests for various crimes (i.e. property, violence, alcohol and substance use, miscellaneous crimes).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study used nationally representative data from The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (2015\u20132019) ( N\u2009=\u2009211,549) to test the aforementioned associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lifetime psilocybin use was associated with lowered odds of seven of 11 past year arrest variables (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) range\u2009=\u20090.30\u20130.73). Peyote was associated with reduced odds of motor vehicle theft (aOR\u2009=\u20090.30) and driving under the influence (aOR\u2009=\u20090.52), and mescaline was associated with reduced odds of drug possession\/sale (aOR\u2009=\u20090.51). Virtually all other substances either shared no relationship to our outcomes or conferred higher odds of arrest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study suggests that use of classic psychedelic substances is associated with lowered odds of crime arrests. Future research should explore whether causal factors and\/or third variable factors (e.g. personality, political orientation) underlie the relationship between classic psychedelic use and reduced criminal behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211058933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T01:48:03Z","timestamp":1643420883000},"page":"66-73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Psilocybin use is associated with lowered odds of crime arrests in US adults: A replication and extension"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2426-310X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant M","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew K","family":"Nock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-02698811211058933","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.131.11.1247"},{"key":"bibr2-02698811211058933","volume-title":"2018 Update on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-Up Period (2005\u20132014)","author":"Alper M","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr3-02698811211058933","first-page":"543","volume-title":"ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science","volume":"4","author":"Agin-Liebes G.","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr4-02698811211058933","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.128.6.695"},{"key":"bibr5-02698811211058933","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa064115"},{"key":"bibr6-02698811211058933","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563657708988210"},{"key":"bibr7-02698811211058933","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.03.002"},{"key":"bibr8-02698811211058933","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3561468"},{"key":"bibr9-02698811211058933","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-56764"},{"key":"bibr10-02698811211058933","unstructured":"Kyckelhahn T (2015) Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts, 2012\u2014Preliminary. 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