{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T19:48:17Z","timestamp":1781552897558,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression is a major mental health issue worldwide, with high rates of chronicity and non-recovery associated with the condition. Existing treatments such as antidepressant medication and psychological treatments have modest effectiveness, suggesting the need for alternative interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)\/ecstasy and psilocybin use and major depressive episodes (MDEs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This observational study used data from a large ( N\u2009=\u2009213,437) nationally representative sample of US adults to test the association of lifetime use of MDMA\/ecstasy, psilocybin and other classic psychedelics (lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), peyote, mescaline), other illegal substances (e.g. cocaine, phencyclidine (PCP)), and legal\/medicinal substances of misuse (e.g. pain relievers, tranquilizers) with lifetime, past year, and past year severe MDEs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results revealed that lifetime MDMA\/ecstasy use was associated with significantly lowered odds of a lifetime MDE (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)\u2009=\u20090.84; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), past year MDE (aOR\u2009=\u20090.84; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and past year severe MDE (aOR\u2009=\u20090.82; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Psilocybin was associated with significantly lowered odds of a past year MDE (aOR\u2009=\u20090.90; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and past year severe MDE (aOR\u2009=\u20090.87; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). All other substances either shared no relationship with a MDE or conferred increased odds of an MDE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that MDMA\/ecstasy and psilocybin use is associated with lower risk of depression. Experimental studies are needed to test whether there is a causal association between use of these compounds and the alleviation of depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211066714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T04:27:45Z","timestamp":1641356865000},"page":"57-65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Lifetime use of MDMA\/ecstasy and psilocybin is associated with reduced odds of major depressive episodes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2426-310X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant M","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew K","family":"Nock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119897615"},{"key":"bibr2-02698811211066714","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr3-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032994"},{"key":"bibr4-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118754710"},{"key":"bibr5-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610215001738"},{"key":"bibr6-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230601036945"},{"key":"bibr7-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285"},{"key":"bibr8-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.129056"},{"key":"bibr9-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000113"},{"key":"bibr10-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-017-9831-9"},{"key":"bibr11-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.55.3.3"},{"key":"bibr12-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116675513"},{"key":"bibr13-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0457-5"},{"key":"bibr14-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116"},{"key":"bibr15-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.03.012"},{"key":"bibr16-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117735685"},{"key":"bibr17-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115598338"},{"key":"bibr18-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114565653"},{"key":"bibr19-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05548-2"},{"key":"bibr20-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110367"},{"key":"bibr21-02698811211066714","author":"Jones G","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"bibr22-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.166"},{"key":"bibr23-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2006.00790.x"},{"key":"bibr24-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2006.10399838"},{"key":"bibr25-02698811211066714","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000648"},{"key":"bibr26-02698811211066714","unstructured":"Lumley T (2020) Survey: Analysis of complex survey samples (4.0, Computer software). 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