{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T10:01:19Z","timestamp":1792144879682,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011879","name":"New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u00daNKP-19-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-19-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["ELTE Thematic Excellence Programme 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ELTE Thematic Excellence Programme 2020"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["KKP126835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KKP126835"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["KP2020-IKA-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KP2020-IKA-05"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003977","name":"National Center for Responsible Gaming","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007626","name":"magyar tudom\u00e1nyos akad\u00e9mia sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1stechnikai \u00e9s automatiz\u00e1l\u00e1si kutat\u00f3int\u00e9zet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J\u00e1nos Bolyai Research Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J\u00e1nos Bolyai Research Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007626","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004823","name":"State of Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University","award":["Baron Munchausen Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Baron Munchausen Program"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R41MD012318\/MD\/NIMHD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R41MD012318\/MD\/NIMHD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003825","name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Bolyai J\u00e1nos research fellowship, BO\/00987\/16\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bolyai J\u00e1nos research fellowship, BO\/00987\/16\/5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling"},{"name":"new National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities","award":["\u00daNKP-18-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-18-4"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002332","name":"Semmelweis University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Merit-prize fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Merit-prize fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002332","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) integrates psychological, neurological, and genetic factors of addictive, impulsive, and compulsive behaviors. However, to date, no instrument has been validated to assess the RDS construct.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study developed and tested a tool to assess RDS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected on two college and university samples. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed on Sample 1 ( N\u2009=\u20091726), and confirmatory analysis was conducted on an independent sample ( N\u2009=\u2009253). Impulsivity and sensation-seeking were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on EFAs, a 29-item Reward Deficiency Syndrome Questionnaire (RDSQ-29) was developed, containing four subscales (lack of sexual satisfaction, activity, social concerns, and risk-seeking behavior). CFA indicated good fit (comparative fit index (CFI)\u2009=\u20090.941; Tucker\u2013Lewis index (TLI)\u2009=\u20090.933; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)\u2009=\u20090.068). Construct validity analysis showed strong relationship between sensation-seeking and the RDS scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The RDSQ-29 is an adequate scale assessing psychological and behavioral aspects of RDS. The RDSQ-29 assesses psychological and behavioral characteristics that may contribute to addictions generally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211069102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T07:08:01Z","timestamp":1643699281000},"page":"409-422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Development and validation of the Reward Deficiency Syndrome Questionnaire (RDSQ-29)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Eszter","family":"K\u00f3tyuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00f3bert","family":"Urb\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Borb\u00e1la","family":"Hende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Richman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Magi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orsolya","family":"Kir\u00e1ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csaba","family":"Barta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc N","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA"},{"name":"Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajendra D","family":"Badgaiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5604-7551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsolt","family":"Demetrovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120016566"},{"key":"bibr2-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000160"},{"key":"bibr3-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.02.026"},{"key":"bibr4-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-008-9100-1"},{"key":"bibr5-02698811211069102","volume-title":"Substance Abuse: Research and Treatments","author":"Bidwell LC","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr6-02698811211069102","first-page":"132","volume":"84","author":"Blum K","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Scientist"},{"key":"bibr7-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X13666160512150918"},{"key":"bibr8-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.3.2014.019"},{"key":"bibr9-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0146"},{"key":"bibr10-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212798919110"},{"key":"bibr11-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/4557"},{"key":"bibr12-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2015.994879"},{"key":"bibr13-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440150063027"},{"key":"bibr14-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8726-5"},{"key":"bibr15-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199506000-00001"},{"key":"bibr16-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689608900711"},{"key":"bibr17-02698811211069102","volume-title":"Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research","author":"Brown TA","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr18-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2011.00749.x"},{"key":"bibr19-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023350"},{"key":"bibr20-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.12.001"},{"key":"bibr21-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12131"},{"key":"bibr22-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.015"},{"key":"bibr23-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174774"},{"key":"bibr24-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13838"},{"key":"bibr25-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867413508455"},{"key":"bibr26-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.08.034"},{"key":"bibr27-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.08.025"},{"key":"bibr28-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.99"},{"key":"bibr29-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2015.05.011"},{"key":"bibr30-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.04.022"},{"key":"bibr31-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14659890500114359"},{"key":"bibr32-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.04.019"},{"key":"bibr33-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19930701-05"},{"key":"bibr34-02698811211069102","first-page":"3","volume":"56","author":"Hollander E","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr35-02698811211069102","first-page":"175","volume":"2","author":"Horvath LS","year":"2004","journal-title":"Individual Differences Research"},{"key":"bibr36-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.8.2019.26"},{"key":"bibr37-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(01)00032-0"},{"key":"bibr38-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"bibr39-02698811211069102","first-page":"1","author":"Ioannidis K","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr40-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00030"},{"key":"bibr41-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.028"},{"key":"bibr42-02698811211069102","unstructured":"Kline RB (2005) Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 2nd edn. New York, NY: Guilford Press."},{"key":"bibr43-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1748"},{"key":"bibr44-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11916-0"},{"key":"bibr45-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2016.04.001"},{"key":"bibr46-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.140204"},{"key":"bibr47-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112440"},{"key":"bibr48-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.130052"},{"key":"bibr49-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.081"},{"key":"bibr50-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.2.2013.2.8"},{"key":"bibr51-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.015"},{"key":"bibr52-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.8.2019.70"},{"key":"bibr53-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700"},{"key":"bibr54-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0229"},{"key":"bibr55-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.10.001"},{"key":"bibr56-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.140"},{"key":"bibr57-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810310066012"},{"key":"bibr58-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.18.1.49"},{"key":"bibr59-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3939"},{"key":"bibr60-02698811211069102","first-page":"768","volume":"51","author":"Patton JH","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr61-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.04.011"},{"key":"bibr62-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e3283305e7a"},{"key":"bibr63-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2012.715555"},{"key":"bibr64-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164412449831"},{"key":"bibr65-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02782.x"},{"key":"bibr66-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10673220490905705"},{"key":"bibr67-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.009"},{"key":"bibr68-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.03.003"},{"key":"bibr69-02698811211069102","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Addiction","author":"Stephenson MT","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr70-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289858"},{"key":"bibr71-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.34.4.414"},{"key":"bibr72-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32025"},{"key":"bibr73-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.11.003"},{"key":"bibr74-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.65"},{"key":"bibr75-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(94)90039-6"},{"key":"bibr76-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.2.387"},{"key":"bibr77-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-015-9636-7"},{"key":"bibr78-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm240"},{"key":"bibr79-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.03.048"},{"key":"bibr80-02698811211069102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11555-000"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02698811211069102","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02698811211069102","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02698811211069102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:10:45Z","timestamp":1777507845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02698811211069102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02698811211069102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811211069102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8811","1461-7285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8811","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}}}