{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T01:31:33Z","timestamp":1777858293127,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nitrous oxide (N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O) is a frequently used anaesthetic. Since the year 2000, recreational use of N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O, also known as \u2018laughing gas\u2019, became popular as a recreational drug due to its mild psychedelic effect. In the 1980s, several reports warned against N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O-induced reproductive risks among healthcare personnel, questioning the occupational safety of N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O in health care.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data about the reproductive risks of N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O were collected from literature.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Particularly in the past, professionals working in dental and midwifery practices, operating theatres and ambulance transport were exposed to high levels of N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O. Adverse reproduction effects included congenital anomalies, spontaneous abortion and reduced fertility rates in females. Following occupational measures, like maximal exposure limits for ambient N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O, this occupational risk was considerably reduced. Recreational users of N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O, however, voluntarily and repeatedly expose themselves to (very) high doses of N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O. As such, they exceed the health exposure limits some hundred times, but they are fully unaware of the related reproductive risks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We advocate to increase the awareness in recreational N2O-users about its potential reproductive risks, especially in heavy users, pregnant users or those who intend to become pregnant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811221077194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T06:10:40Z","timestamp":1651731040000},"page":"951-955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Nitrous oxide\u2013induced reproductive risks: Should recreational nitrous oxide users worry?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8847-4387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"van Amsterdam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"van den Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-02698811221077194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.4.783"},{"key":"bibr2-02698811221077194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)92941-0"},{"key":"bibr3-02698811221077194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1980.tb01592.x"},{"key":"bibr4-02698811221077194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.53.6.374"},{"key":"bibr5-02698811221077194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom7020042"},{"key":"bibr6-02698811221077194","first-page":"209","volume":"46","author":"Bennett M","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Reproductive Medicine"},{"key":"bibr7-02698811221077194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.8.541"},{"key":"bibr8-02698811221077194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.106.001982"},{"key":"bibr9-02698811221077194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1975.0270"},{"key":"bibr10-02698811221077194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1980.0345"},{"key":"bibr11-02698811221077194","unstructured":"Dutch Health Council (DHC) (2000) Nitrous oxide: Evaluation of the effects on reproduction, recommendation for classification. 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