{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:09:12Z","timestamp":1789477752151,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Since 2000, the prevalence of recreational nitrous oxide (N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O) use has increased in the Western world. Although N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O is a relatively safe drug, the overall increase in the use of N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O has concomitantly also initiated a modest but important increase in the number of young excessive users. The recent introduction of large 2\u2009kg N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O tanks, allowing high and prolonged dosing, has facilitated this excessive use. This is of concern, because repeated exposure to high doses of N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O for a prolonged time is known to induce neurological damage, such as (irreversible) neuropathy and paralysis due to N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O-induced vitamin B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      deficiency. The increasing trend of recreational users with N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O-induced neurological damage at emergency departments confirms the urgency of this development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective\/Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This narrative review describes recent trends in N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O use and misuse, the adverse health effects associated with excessive use and the risk factors of excessive use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Considering the rising trend in N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O use, particularly among young and other vulnerable people, we propose to take legislative action to limit the availability of N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O, and also advocate for better and timely education of non-users, users and medical professionals about the serious side-effects associated with excessive N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      It is concluded that the increase in excessive N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O use is of serious concern.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811221082442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T08:26:33Z","timestamp":1654763193000},"page":"943-950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Increasing recreational nitrous oxide use: Should we worry? A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8847-4387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan GC","family":"van Amsterdam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ton","family":"Nabben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Governance and Social Innovation, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"van den Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"ANSES (2021) French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety. Nitrous oxide poisoning on the increase. Available at: https:\/\/www.anses.fr\/en\/content\/nitrous-oxide-poisoning-increase (accessed 19 August 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Recreational use of laughing gas is associated with neurological issues. European Academy of Neurology (EAN) Virtual Congress 2020","volume":"8","author":"Bruijnes A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bruijnes A (2020) Recreational use of laughing gas is associated with neurological issues. European Academy of Neurology (EAN) Virtual Congress 2020 (Congress Review). EMJ Neurology 8: 10\u201318.","journal-title":"EMJ Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","unstructured":"Chan R Uporova J Karlsson A et al. (2021) New South Wales Drug Trends 2020: Key findings from the Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS) interviews. Available at: https:\/\/ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au\/resource\/new-south-wales-drug-trends-2020-key-findings-ecstasy-and-related-drugs-reporting-system (accessed 11 November 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30134-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","article-title":"Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord following recreational nitrous oxide use","volume":"2013","author":"Cheng HM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cheng HM, Park JH, Hernstadt D (2013) Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord following recreational nitrous oxide use. BMJ Cases Reports 2013: bcr2012008509.","journal-title":"BMJ Cases Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001151"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Toxicity associated with recreational use of nitrous oxide in the United Kingdom. A report from the UK National Poisons Information Service [Abstract]","volume":"51","author":"Cooper G","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cooper G, Jackson G, Vale JA, et al. (2013) Toxicity associated with recreational use of nitrous oxide in the United Kingdom. A report from the UK National Poisons Information Service [Abstract]. Clinical Toxicology (Phila) 51: 343.","journal-title":"Clinical Toxicology (Phila)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2019.1573210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/DAT-09-2020-0062"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12372"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2009.10399771"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","unstructured":"Gibbs D Peacock A (2018) New South Wales drug trends 2018: Key findings from the National Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS) interviews. Sydney NSW Australia: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney. Available at: https:\/\/ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au\/resource\/new-south-wales-drug-trends-2018-key-findings-ecstasy-and-related-drugs-reporting-system (accessed 11 November 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","unstructured":"Global Drug Survey (GDS) (2016) The Global Drug Survey 2016 findings. Available at: www.globaldrugsurvey.com\/past-findings\/the-global-drug-survey-2016-findings (accessed 13 November 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","unstructured":"Global Drug Survey (GDS) (2019) GDS 2019 key findings report executive summary. Available at: https:\/\/www.globaldrugsurvey.com\/wp-content\/themes\/globaldrugsurvey\/results\/GDS2019-Exec-Summary.pdf (accessed 10 November 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","unstructured":"Hamans H Timmermans E (2019) Uitkomsten enqu\u00eate lachgas in het verkeer. Stichting TeamAlert [Survey results of laughing gas in traffic. TeamAlert Foundation]. Available at: https:\/\/teamalert.nl\/media\/26517\/rapport-attitude-verbod-op-lachgas-13-1-20.pdf (accessed 12 November 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","first-page":"596","article-title":"Increasing abuse and addiction to nitrous oxide (N2O): Still a legal high in Denmark [Abstract]","volume":"58","author":"Hoegberg LC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoegberg LC, Palmqvist DF, Bogevig S (2020) Increasing abuse and addiction to nitrous oxide (N2O): Still a legal high in Denmark [Abstract]. Clinical Toxicology (Phila) 58: 596.","journal-title":"Clinical Toxicology (Phila)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","unstructured":"Home Office (2019) Drugs Misuse: Findings from the 2018\/19 Crime Survey for England and Wales. Statistical bulletin: 21\/19. Available at: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/832533\/drug-misuse-2019-hosb2119.pdf (accessed 2 November 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116632375"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8801-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2018.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.01.079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","unstructured":"Marcus E (2021) Nitrous nation. The New York Times 31 January Sunday styles section 1 8. Available at: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/01\/30\/style\/nitrous-oxide-whippets-tony-hsieh.html (accessed 11 October 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therap.2020.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","unstructured":"Nabben T van der Pol P Korf D (2017a) Roes met een luchtje. Gebruik gebruikers en markt van lachgas. [Fuddle with a smell. Use users and market of nitrous oxide]. Amsterdam: Rozenberg. Available at: https:\/\/pure.uva.nl\/ws\/files\/42253871\/22059312.pdf (accessed 14 November 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","unstructured":"Nabben T van der Pol P Korf DJ (2017b) Roes met een luchtje. Gebruik gebruikers en markt van lachgas. [Toss with a breath. Use users and market of nitrous oxide]. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers. Available at: https:\/\/pure.uva.nl\/ws\/files\/42253871\/22059312.pdf (accessed 8 October 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115574"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","unstructured":"Netherlands Poison Information Center (NVIC) (2020) Nationaal Vergiftigingen Informatie Centrum [National Poison Information Center]. NVIC Annual review 2019. Acute poisoning in humans and animals. Available at: https:\/\/assets-eu-01.kc-usercontent.com\/4ecb7ebb-946a-0154-473e-737dbc98bace\/dfcae674-90e0-492a-98c8-040285769aa0\/NVIC-jaaroverzicht-2019.pdf (accessed 25 October 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","unstructured":"NDM (2020) National Drug Monitor (NDM). Annual report 2019. Utrecht\/Den Haag: Trimbos institute Utrecht\/WODC. Available at: https:\/\/www.trimbos.nl\/docs\/2611d773-620a-45af-a9e5-c27a7e6688e4.pdf (accessed 10 November 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","unstructured":"NDM (2021) National Drug Monitor (NDM). Annual report 2020. Utrecht\/Den Haag: Trimbos institute Utrecht\/WODC. Available at: https:\/\/www.trimbos.nl\/docs\/423b9c4b-a389-4bfd-aa33-0c914438f1f9.pdf (accessed 21 November 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","unstructured":"NOS (2021) Dutch National Broadcast (NOS). Laughing gas found in 1800 accidents with dozens of deaths in recent years [Lachgas afgelopen jaren gevonden bij 1800 ongelukken met tientallen doden]. Available at: https:\/\/nos.nl\/artikel\/2407852-lachgas-afgelopen-jaren-gevonden-bij-1800-ongelukken-met-tientallen-doden (accessed 1 December 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","unstructured":"NPIS (2021) National Poisons Information Service (NPIS) Report 2020\/21. Available at: https:\/\/www.npis.org\/Download\/NPIS%20report%202020-21.pdf (accessed 8 January 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","unstructured":"Nutt D Winstock AR Eastwood N et al. (2020) Parliamentary briefing on tackling the misuse of nitrous oxide. Available at: https:\/\/www.drugscience.org.uk\/parliamentary-briefing-on-tackling-the-misuse-of-nitrous-oxide\/ (accessed 14 November 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics (ONS) (2018) Drug-related deaths involving nitrous oxide in England and Wales 1993 to 2017. Available at: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/adhocs\/009096drugrelateddeathsinvolvingnitrousoxideinenglandandwales1993to2017 (accessed 12 November 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics (ONS) (2020) Drug misuse in England and Wales: Year ending March 2020. An overview of the extent and trends of illicit drug use for the year ending March 2020. Data are from the Crime Survey for England and Wales. Available at: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/articles\/drugmisuseinenglandandwales\/yearendingmarch2020\/pdf (accessed 2 November 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8040551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","unstructured":"Peacock A Karlsson A Uporova J et al. (2019) Australian Drug Trends 2019: Key findings from the National Ecstasy and related drugs reporting system (EDRS) interviews. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW Australia. Available at: https:\/\/www.drugsandalcohol.ie\/33839\/1\/National_IDRS_Interview_report_2020_updated.pdf (accessed 12 November 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aev297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1630_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","unstructured":"Rombouts M van Dorsselaer S Scheffers van Schayck T et al. (2020) Jeugd en riskant gedrag 2019. Kerngegevens uit het Peilstationsonderzoek Scholieren. [Youth and risky behavior 2019. Key data from the School Sentinel Survey]. Trimbos institute Utrecht. Available at: https:\/\/www.trimbos.nl\/docs\/29856421-c89c-47f8-ac04-c7ce1cabad4b.pdf (accessed 19 August 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117468"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199210013271405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","unstructured":"RTL News (2020) Hester Boer. Zeker 64 dwarslaesies door lachgas: Sommigen nemen 100 ballonnen per dag [At least 64 spinal cord injuries from laughing gas: Some take 100 balloons daily]. Available at: https:\/\/www.rtlnieuws.nl\/nieuws\/artikel\/5161419\/lachgas-veroorzaakte-al-64-dwarslaesies-sommigen-nemen-100-ballonnen (accessed 22 October 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","unstructured":"SAMHSA (2019) 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Public use file codebook. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality Rockville MD. Available at: http:\/\/samhda.s3-us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com\/s3fs-public\/field-uploads-protected\/studies\/NSDUH-2018\/NSDUH-2018-datasets\/NSDUH-2018-DS0001\/NSDUH-2018-DS0001-info\/NSDUH-2018-DS0001-info-codebook.pdf#page94 (accessed 20 November 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","unstructured":"Spronk D Nijkamp L Nabben T et al. (2020) Lachgasgebruik bij jongeren met een niet-westerse migratieachtergrond. Een verkennend onderzoek. [Laughing gas use among young people with a non-Western migration background. An exploratory study 2020]. Available at: https:\/\/www.trimbos.nl\/docs\/a8d5d87f-94d3-4261-9349-42f5ddafefc4.pdf (accessed 11 November 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","unstructured":"Sundhedsstyrelsen (2019) Lattergas fra gaspatronen. Udbredelsen blandt elever p\u00e5 ungdomsuddannelser. Sundhedsstyrelsen [National Board of Health. Laughing gas from the gas cartridges. Distribution among pupils in youth Education] Copenhagen Denmark. Available at: https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y685udp3 (accessed 4 November 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2014-001071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","first-page":"180","article-title":"Review of nitrous oxide intoxication","volume":"32","author":"Tseng M-F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tseng M-F, Feng C-H, Lin Y-C, et al. (2021) Review of nitrous oxide intoxication. J Intern Med 32: 180\u2013184.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15652"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2698811221077194"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103519"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Wingerden S (2020) Uitgelachen. PROCES 2020 (99) 1. doi: 10.5553\/PROCES\/016500762020099001001. Available at: https:\/\/scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl\/islandora\/object\/item%3A2984548\/datastream\/PDF\/download (accessed 15 October 2021).","DOI":"10.5553\/PROCES\/016500762020099001001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","unstructured":"Werse B Kamphausen G Martens J (2020) MoSyD Jahresberichten 2019. Drogentrends in Frankfurt am Main [Annual report 2019. Drug trends in Frankfurt am Main]. Available at: https:\/\/www.uni-frankfurt.de\/99133712\/MoSyD_Jahresbericht_2019.pdf (accessed 14 October 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119882532"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-021-00352-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09600-w"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02698811221082442","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02698811221082442","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02698811221082442","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:10:56Z","timestamp":1777507856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02698811221082442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02698811221082442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811221082442","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8811","1461-7285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8811","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]}}}