{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:51:47Z","timestamp":1787237507737,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The benzodiazepine drug alprazolam, a fast-acting tranquiliser, cannot be prescribed on the National Health Service in the United Kingdom. Illicit alprazolam supply and consumption have increased. Concern about increasing numbers of alprazolam-related fatalities started circulating in 2018. However, statistics on this issue are very limited. This study examined patterns in such mortality in Scotland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Statistics on deaths where alprazolam was mentioned in the \u2018cause of death\u2019 were obtained from official mortality registers. Anonymised Scottish case-level data were obtained. Data were examined in respect of the characteristics of decedents and deaths using descriptive statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scotland registered 370 deaths in 2004\u20132020; 366 of these occurred in 2015\u20132020: most involved males (77.1%); mean age 39.0 (SD 12.6)\u2009years. The principal underlying cause of death was accidental poisoning: opiates\/opioids (77.9%); sedatives\/hypnotics (15.0%). Two deaths involved alprazolam alone. Main drug groups implicated: opiates\/opioids (94.8%), \u2018other benzodiazepines\u2019 (67.2%), gabapentinoids (42.9%), stimulants (30.1%), antidepressants (15.0%). Two-thirds (64.2%) involved combinations of central nervous system (CNS) depressants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alprazolam-related deaths are likely due to an increasing illicit supply. The fall in deaths in 2019\u20132020 is partially due to increased use of designer benzodiazepines. Treatment for alprazolam dependence is growing. Clinicians need to be aware of continuing recreational alprazolam use. When such consumption occurs with CNS depressants, overdose and death risks increase.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More awareness of alprazolam contributing to deaths, especially in conjunction with other CNS depressants, is needed by consumers and clinicians. Improved monitoring of illicit supplies could identify emerging issues of medicines\u2019 abuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811221104065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T06:07:54Z","timestamp":1659334074000},"page":"1020-1035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Alprazolam-related deaths in Scotland, 2004\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3849-817X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Martin","family":"Corkery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Guirguis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK"},{"name":"Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6810-1540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Chiappini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7292-2341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Martinotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d University, Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Schifano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-02698811221104065","first-page":"45","volume":"44","author":"Abernethy DR","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr2-02698811221104065","unstructured":"ACMD (2020) Novel Benzodiazepines: A Review of the Evidence of Use and Harms of Novel Benzodiazepines. London: Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. 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