{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T10:18:07Z","timestamp":1792145887743,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Drugs used to treat psychotic disorders (\u2018antipsychotics\u2019) have been widely used in psychiatry since the introduction of chlorpromazine in the mid-1950s. The categorization of these drugs evolved in a piecemeal way, relying initially on grouping by chemical structure (e.g. phenothiazines, butyrophenones), then by epoch of introduction (e.g. first generation (\u2018conventional\u2019) vs second generation (\u2018atypical\u2019)). As psychopharmacological expertise has advanced, it has become possible to quantify affinities for each drug in this class for relevant receptors including dopamine D2, 5HT2A, 5HT2C, histamine H1 and others. However, until the recent emergence of a new generation of agents known collectively as dopamine D2 receptor partial agonists (e.g. aripiprazole, brexpiprazole and cariprazine), there had been little reference in drug classification to specific pharmacological properties. An overview of data on receptor affinities across multiple drugs and receptor types would permit categorization according to binding affinities and putative pharmacological mechanisms. In this paper, we have attempted to construct a \u2018subway map\u2019 of 32 drugs used for treatment of psychotic disorders. This design allows a visualization of both the historical classifications by structure and epoch of introduction, and of the binding affinities for key receptors based on appraisal of scientific literature. The map represents a step towards categorization by mechanism, allowing prescribers and patients to understand which drugs share common biological features and the extent to which drugs may have similarities and differences in their mechanisms. In addition, this approach may encourage more logical groupings of drugs to be used in systematic reviews and meta-analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811221115758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T01:46:11Z","timestamp":1661996771000},"page":"1007-1015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Visualizing classification of drugs used in psychotic disorders: A \u2018subway map\u2019 representing mechanisms, established classes and informal categories"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Crystal","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health\/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Nutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0095-5993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon JC","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health\/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012"},{"key":"bibr2-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(84)90607-6"},{"key":"bibr3-02698811221115758","first-page":"78","volume-title":"14th ICGP and 19th JSNP joint congress","author":"Davies SJ","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr4-02698811221115758","volume-title":"Mr Beck\u2019s Underground Map","author":"Garland K","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr5-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4382-y"},{"key":"bibr6-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.167346"},{"key":"bibr7-02698811221115758","first-page":"16","volume":"15","author":"Kitten AK","year":"2018","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"bibr8-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01309"},{"key":"bibr9-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.114.213793"},{"key":"bibr10-02698811221115758","volume-title":"Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia","author":"McPherson EM","year":"2007","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr11-02698811221115758","unstructured":"Nutt DJ (2017) VPM (Visualising Psychotropic Medicine) library project. Available at: https:\/\/www.vpmlibrary.com\/Browser\/Show (accessed 14 November 2021)."},{"key":"bibr12-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109105498"},{"key":"bibr13-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2016.1191468"},{"key":"bibr14-02698811221115758","unstructured":"Roth BL, Driscoll J (1999-present) PDSP Ki database. Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Available at: https:\/\/pdsp.unc.edu\/databases\/pdsp.php (accessed 17 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr15-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107385840000600408"},{"key":"bibr16-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(94)00005-N"},{"key":"bibr17-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1145194"},{"key":"bibr18-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.009"},{"key":"bibr19-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S34433"},{"key":"bibr20-02698811221115758","volume-title":"Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs","author":"Virani A","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr21-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.09.012"},{"key":"bibr22-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.1999.0473"},{"key":"bibr23-02698811221115758","volume-title":"NbN2R (Neuroscience-Based Nomenclature)","author":"Zohar J","year":"2019","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr24-02698811221115758","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.08.004"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02698811221115758","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02698811221115758","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02698811221115758","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:11:06Z","timestamp":1777507866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02698811221115758"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02698811221115758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811221115758","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8811","1461-7285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8811","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]}}}