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We examined quarterly trends in exposure and delineated correlates of patients experiencing a major adverse effect or death.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The number of reported exposures increased 81.1% from 2019 Quarter 1 through 2021 Quarter 4, from 37 to 67 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018). The majority of patients were male (57.1%), and the plurality of cases involved intentional misuse or \u201cabuse\u201d (39.5%), followed by suspected suicide attempt (19.7%) and unintentional exposure (18.9%). A fifth (19.6%) experienced a major adverse effect or death. A third (33.4%) co-used other drugs; the drugs most commonly co-used were benzodiazepines (14.6%), alcohol (10.3%), and opioids (8.7%). Co-use of\n                      <jats:italic>gamma-<\/jats:italic>\n                      hydroxybutyrate (GHB; adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR)\u2009=\u20093.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.57\u20137.46) and opioids (aPR\u2009=\u20092.44, 95% CI: 1.46\u20134.08) was associated with increased risk for a major adverse effect or death, as was injection-only administration (aPR\u2009=\u20092.68, 95% CI: 1.21\u20135.92).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although still rare, poisonings involving ketamine have increased in recent years. Polydrug use\u2014particularly with opioids or GHB\u2014appears to be a particular risk factor for more serious adverse effects. As prevalence of use increases, it is important to monitor adverse effects and co-occurring behaviors to inform timely prevention and harm reduction as needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811221140006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T04:19:28Z","timestamp":1670386768000},"page":"802-808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Characteristics of poisonings involving ketamine in the United States, 2019\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8565-9415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Palamar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole D.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0098-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Grundy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A Division of Denver Health, Rocky Mountain Poison &amp; Drug Safety (RMPDS), Denver, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua C.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A Division of Denver Health, Rocky Mountain Poison &amp; Drug Safety (RMPDS), Denver, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Jewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A Division of Denver Health, Rocky Mountain Poison &amp; Drug Safety (RMPDS), Denver, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda B.","family":"Cottler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19f12838"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2018.1457792"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211021588"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108286"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(02)00200-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00243-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952999309001618"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00744.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2020.1834219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2020.118665"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"National center for health statistics guidelines for analysis of trends","volume":"2","author":"Ingram DD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ingram DD, Malec DJ, Makuc DM, et al. 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