{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:04:08Z","timestamp":1780592648569,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Importance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability often experience persistent challenges related to aggressive behaviour and agitation, highlighting the critical need for evidence-based pharmacological interventions among other strategies. Despite previous network meta-analyses (NMAs), the rapidly evolving landscape of treatment options necessitates ongoing and updated assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of various pharmacotherapies in managing agitation in children and adults with ASD or intellectual disabilities (ID).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Employing a systematic review and network meta-analysis methodology, we conducted an exhaustive search across multiple databases for double-blind, randomized controlled trials focusing on pharmacotherapies targeting agitation in these neurodevelopmental disorders. Adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines, our assessment of study quality utilized the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool to ensure methodological rigour and accuracy in data synthesis. Primary outcomes encompassed measures of reduced agitation, as indicated by treatment response on standardized agitation scales, alongside dropout rates, providing a comprehensive overview of treatment efficacy and tolerability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our analysis included data from 38 eligible trials, involving 2503 participants across both pediatric and adult populations. Key pharmacological interventions, such as arbaclofen, risperidone plus buspirone, omega-3 fatty acids, risperidone plus palmitoylethanolamide, aripiprazole and risperidone, demonstrated significant efficacy in reducing agitation compared to placebo. Importantly, these treatments were generally well-tolerated, with no significant increase in all-cause dropouts compared to placebo, highlighting their suitability for clinical use in managing agitation in individuals with ASD or ID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study underscores the efficacy and tolerability of several pharmacotherapies in managing agitation among children and adults with ASD or ID. Our findings provide robust evidence that specific treatments, such as arbaclofen, risperidone plus buspirone and omega-3 fatty acids, are both effective and well-tolerated, offering valuable therapeutic options for clinicians. The study emphasizes the need for ongoing research to ensure that treatment strategies remain aligned with the evolving clinical landscape, ultimately improving patient outcomes in this challenging population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811241303654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:39:36Z","timestamp":1734482376000},"page":"201-213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Navigating agitation in neurodevelopmental disorders: A comparative study of pharmacotherapies via network meta-analysis in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder or intellectual disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Anees","family":"Bahji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary,\rCalgary, AB, Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Forth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Nasar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Waqas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily R","family":"Hawken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7111-1571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ayub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-02698811241303654","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/17.2.84"},{"key":"bibr2-02698811241303654","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.09.012"},{"key":"bibr3-02698811241303654","first-page":"485","volume":"89","author":"Aman MG","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Mental Defic"},{"key":"bibr4-02698811241303654","unstructured":"American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (2020) Definition of intellectual disability. 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