{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:55:23Z","timestamp":1789095323772,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012120","name":"ontario mental health foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012120","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["136947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["136947"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["84414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["84414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is common in youth, with elevated rates among youth with bipolar disorder (BD). Cannabis use among youth is also associated with anomalous neurostructural phenotypes. While neurophysiological mechanisms associated with cannabis use may contribute to these differences, genetic predisposition to CUD may also be contributory. Given the lack of prior studies on this topic, we examined polygenic risk scores for CUD (CUD-PRS) in relation to brain structure among youth with and without BD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      -weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was collected for 114 participants ages 13\u201320 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200967 BD,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200947 healthy controls (HC)). CUD-PRS was calculated using PRS-CS-auto, based on summary statistics from a genome-wide association study conducted in adults. Covariate-adjusted vertex-wise analyses examined the association of CUD-PRS with cortical volume, surface area (SA), and thickness in the whole sample, and within BD and HC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the whole sample, higher CUD-PRS was associated with significantly lower volume and SA in the right superior frontal gyrus (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.31,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01; \u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.33,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and with significantly lower SA in the left paracentral lobule (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.37,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0002). Within HC, higher CUD-PRS was associated with significantly lower volume and SA in the left and right superior frontal gyrus (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.78,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.002; \u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.66,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.028; \u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.79,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001; \u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.68,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). There were no significant within-BD results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Present findings demonstrate a consistent pattern of higher CUD-PRS corresponding with lower regional brain structure, even in the absence of CUD. Future studies are needed to understand the mechanisms, developmental trajectories, and diagnosis-related differences in the observed findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811261424206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T07:23:40Z","timestamp":1772177020000},"page":"1456-1466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of polygenic risk for cannabis use disorder with brain structure among youth with and without bipolar disorder"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2718-292X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alysha A.","family":"Sultan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement C.","family":"Zai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4510-188X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kody G.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Trevor","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley J.","family":"MacIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Sandra E Black Center for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Computational Radiology and Artificial Intelligence Unit, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin I.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002316"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/104454603322724850"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002087"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017376"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.2.175"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl244"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"221","article-title":"Neurocognition in bipolar disorder and juvenile bipolar disorder","volume":"18","author":"Cahill CM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cahill CM, Walter G, Malhi GS (2009) Neurocognition in bipolar disorder and juvenile bipolar disorder. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 18: 221.","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790300064008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2024.111199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-455-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.4.582"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"El-Baba RM","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Baba RM, Schury MP (2020). Neuroanatomy, frontal cortex. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.906426"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09718-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-021-00377-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402680101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12556"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2008.00584.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2012.01023.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12362"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01209-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01209-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.73"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","volume-title":"Four-Factor Index of Social Status","author":"Hollingshead AA","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hollingshead AA (1975) Four-Factor Index of Social Status. Yale University."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990426"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2008.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02607-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30339-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30339-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.8.1403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00908-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13278"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20494"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01563-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.05.070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.01.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2023.09.551"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","first-page":"1202","article-title":"Genetically informative research on adolescent substance use: methods, findings and challenges","volume":"49","author":"Lynskey MT","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lynskey MT, Agrawal A, Heath AC (2010) Genetically informative research on adolescent substance use: methods, findings and challenges. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 49: 1202.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56120689"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI172881"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2017.1306746"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","article-title":"The blushing brain: Neural substrates of cheek temperature increase in response to self-observation","volume":"291","author":"Nikoli\u0107 M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nikoli\u0107 M, Di Plinio S, Sauter D, et al. (2024) The blushing brain: Neural substrates of cheek temperature increase in response to self-observation. Proceedings B 291: 20240958.","journal-title":"Proceedings B"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537962"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab243"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721004116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.03.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2006.887364"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2012.01000.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5309-07.2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.668698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00574"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/155005940904000110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa077"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118916"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2008.541"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","article-title":"Updated meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of pediatric bipolar disorder","volume":"80","author":"Van Meter A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Meter A, Moreira ALR, Youngstrom E (2019) Updated meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 80: E1\u2013E11.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","first-page":"11717","article-title":"Meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of pediatric bipolar disorder","volume":"72","author":"Van Meter AR","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van Meter AR, Moreira ALR, Youngstrom EA (2011) Meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 72: 11717.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31819292a6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000140454.89323.99"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2021.0074"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02243.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e328355a62a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.585664"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.080"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02698811261424206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02698811261424206","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02698811261424206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T23:28:24Z","timestamp":1787182104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02698811261424206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02698811261424206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811261424206","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8811","1461-7285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8811","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]}}}