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However, research results are contradictory. Therefore, the present paper aims to systematically evaluate the effects of psychedelics on personality, updating (2016\u20132024) a previous systematic review by Bouso and collaborators (2018). The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews ID for this study is CRD42024582704.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review using four databases (PubMed, LILACS, PsycINFO, and SciELO) including randomized controlled trials, open-label, and observational studies. Interventions included the consumption of any classic psychedelic (lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, ayahuasca\/dimethyltryptamine, mescaline), and the studies were required to use some instrument for personality assessment. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to conduct the data collection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Out of 6043 references screened, 48 studies were included: 14 experimental and 34 observational. The most consistent findings were increases in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Openness<\/jats:italic>\n                      and reductions in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neuroticism<\/jats:italic>\n                      , especially with psilocybin and ayahuasca. Changes in other traits, such as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Extraversion<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Agreeableness<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conscientiousness<\/jats:italic>\n                      , were more variable. Microdosing was associated with modest reductions in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neuroticism<\/jats:italic>\n                      and higher\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Absorption<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Most studies used instruments based on the Five-Factor Model, reflecting its growing dominance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Classic psychedelics seem to promote lasting personality changes, most consistently increasing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Openness<\/jats:italic>\n                      and reducing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neuroticism<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Future research would benefit from combining experimental and naturalistic designs, using longer follow-up periods and more diverse personality models to better understand the interplay between psychedelics and personality, thus providing a more accurate guide for clinical use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811261449386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T11:12:40Z","timestamp":1780225960000},"page":"1187-1212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Classic psychedelics and personality: An updated systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Anna Beatriz","family":"Vicentini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8830-3089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caio C\u00e9sar","family":"de Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Augusto","family":"Silva Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1115-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Bouso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Brazil"},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Synaptica, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Medical Anthropology Research Center, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime E. 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