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Here the influence of approved pharmaceuticals on memory consolidation during sleep in healthy humans, rats, and mice was investigated. A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Criteria to be met included healthy subjects, drug application after learning and a comparable placebo condition. Exclusion criteria included but were not limited to repetitive dosing and additional non-pharmacological interventions. A total of 65 studies were included, whereby a limited number of studies lent themselves to a meta-analysis. The risk-of-bias assessment showed a lack of reporting predominantly in animal studies. Meta-analysis was conducted for the influence of zolpidem on consolidation of the word-pair association task in human adults, which showed an improvement in memory consolidation (0.57 (95% confidence interval 0.04\u20131.10)). Most importantly, for memory consolidation, results point toward a favorable position of second-generation antidepressants compared to their first-generation counterparts. Knowledge of such cognitive effects in healthy subjects should encourage consideration in designing studies with patients and\/or in patient care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811261456185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T12:05:20Z","timestamp":1783166720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of antidepressants, anesthetics and sedatives\/hypnotics on sleep-associated memory consolidation \u2013 A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9089-8214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janina","family":"Mischke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7308-5469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin","family":"Luedtke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Luebeck, Germany"},{"name":"Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9118-3962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Germany"},{"name":"Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345-017-0080-x"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","article-title":"Ketamine can produce oscillatory dynamics by engaging mechanisms dependent on the kinetics of NMDA receptors","volume":"121","author":"Adam E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adam E, Kowalski M, Akeju O, et al. 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