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This so-called congruency effect has long been described as an example of schema-dependent learning, but the underlying neural mechanisms still remain unclear. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that dopamine modulates it through the regulation of prefrontal and mesolimbic brain regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a double-blind mixed-design, 90 healthy humans (70 female, 20 male) received either a dopamine agonist (1.25\u2009mg bromocriptine), a dopamine antagonist (400\u2009mg sulpiride), or a placebo before the encoding of semantically congruent and incongruent words, while their brain activity was scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Behaviorally, semantic congruency enhanced recognition memory on the next day in all three groups, and this effect was modulated by drug following an inverted\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">U<\/jats:italic>\n                      -shaped function. Specifically, the congruency effect was highest under placebo and significantly reduced by both the agonist and antagonist. On the neural level, this was paralleled by robust non-linear modulations of striatal activity and its functional connectivity with the prefrontal cortex (superior frontal gyrus).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings give novel insights by showing that schema-dependent learning is modulated by dopamine, and they suggest that this relates to fronto-striatal connectivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811261473397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:02:37Z","timestamp":1787652157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dopaminergic fronto-striatal connectivity underlies schema-dependent learning"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Mushfa","family":"Yousuf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Kloosterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Luebeck, Germany"},{"name":"Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannik","family":"Prasuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Br\u00fcggemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Llu\u00eds","family":"Fuentemilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8834-450X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico","family":"Bunzeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Luebeck, Germany"},{"name":"Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulrahman H Fletcher PC Bullmore E et al. 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