{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:07:41Z","timestamp":1788476861855,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cybin IRL Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Helus Pharma Corp"},{"name":"Entheon Biomedical"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The serotonergic psychedelic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N,N<\/jats:italic>\n                      -dimethyltryptamine (DMT) might have therapeutic effects in various psychiatric disorders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prior to exploring this clinical potential, it is essential to determine an optimal administration regimen for DMT, explore the relationship between its pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics and identify potential sources of pharmacokinetic variability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Therefore, DMT was administered as a 90-minute intravenous infusion (0.10, 0.20, 0.40 and 0.81 mg\/min DMT) in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-ascending dose part in healthy smokers . Subsequently, DMT was administered as a 5-minute loading dose followed by a 55-minute infusion (3.64\u2009mg\/min\u2009+\u20090.81\u2009mg\/min and 3.64\u2009mg\/min\u2009+\u20091.29\u2009mg\/min) in an open-label, single-sequence two-period escalating dose study in healthy non-smokers. Outcome measures included PK of DMT and subjective, autonomic, neurophysiological and adverse effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity and self-limiting. Two subjects requested their infusion to be discontinued following the loading dose in Part 2 due to anxiety and intense effects. Moderate inter- and intra-individual pharmacokinetic variability was observed, while DMT plasma concentrations at similar infusion rates in smokers were roughly double that of non-smokers, probably due to mono-amine oxidase A-inhibiting compounds in cigarette smoke. Mild to moderate subjective psychedelic effects emerged at plasma concentrations of ~35\u2009ng\/mL in both parts, while only limited undesired effects such as sedation or impaired sustained attention occurred for DMT 0.81\u2009ng\/mL. Interestingly, no differences were noted in psychoactive effects between smokers and non-smokers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide a basis for future studies exploring the (inter)relationships between DMT PK, different infusion regimens and subjective, neurophysiological and neuroendocrine effects resulting from 5-HT2A agonism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811261473451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T16:11:35Z","timestamp":1788192695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of\n                    <i>N,N<\/i>\n                    -dimethyltryptamine administered intravenously in healthy smoking and non-smoking volunteers"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1783-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katelijne V.","family":"van der Heijden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soma","family":"Makai- B\u00f6l\u00f6ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3310-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Inamdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cybin IRL Limited, a Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Helus Pharma Corp, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marije E.","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Hegle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entheon Biomedical Corp, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6112-4735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liam","family":"van der Aa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5604-0157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rob G.J. A.","family":"Zuiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Bohoslavsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke L.","family":"de Kam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9554-573X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen H.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cybin IRL Limited, a Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Helus Pharma Corp, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joop M. A.","family":"van Gerven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5140-9450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel E.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleksandrova LR Phillips AG (2021) Neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 42(11): 929\u2013942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tips.2021.08.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2021.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansara ED (2020) Management of treatment-resistant generalized anxiety disorder. The Mental Health Clinician 10(6): 326\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9740\/mhc.2020.11.326","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2020.11.326"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","volume-title":"N\u00e4tverket f\u00f6r psykedelisk vetenskap","author":"Ashton M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ashton M (2018) DMT human pharmacokinetics. In: N\u00e4tverket f\u00f6r psykedelisk vetenskap, Stockholm, 13 and 14 October 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barker SA (2018) N N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) an endogenous hallucinogen: Past present and future research to determine its role and function. Frontiers in Neuroscience 12(8): 536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2018.00536","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrett FS Johnson MW Griffiths RR (2015) Validation of the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin. Journal of Psychopharmacology 29(11): 1182\u20131190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881115609019","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115609019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bond A Lader M (1974) The use of analogue scales in rating subjective feelings. British Journal of Medical Psychology 47(3): 211\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1974.tb02285.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1974.tb02285.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi Z Sz\u00e1ra S (1958) Dimethyltryptamine Experiments with Psychotics. Journal of Mental Science 104(435): 445\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.104.435.445","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.104.435.445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calder AE Hasler G (2023) Towards an understanding of psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 48(1): 104\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-022-01389-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01389-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen X de Haas S de Kam M et al. (2012) An overview of the CNS-pharmacodynamic profiles of nonselective and selective GABA agonists. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences 2012: 134523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/134523","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/134523"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen X Jacobs G de Kam M et al. (2014) The central nervous system effects of the partial GABA-A\u03b12 3-selective receptor modulator AZD7325 in comparison with lorazepam in healthy males. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 78(6): 1298\u20131314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.12413","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Haas SL Franson KL Schmitt JAJ et al. (2009) The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of SL65.1498 a GABA-A alpha2 3 selective agonist in comparison with lorazepam in healthy volunteers. Journal of Psychopharmacology 23(6): 625\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881108092595","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108092595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Visser SJ van der Post J Pieters MS et al. (2001) Biomarkers for the effects of antipsychotic drugs in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 51(2): 119\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2001.01308.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2001.01308.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denney RM Koch H Craig IW (1999) Association between monoamine oxidase A activity in human male skin fibroblasts and genotype of the MAOA promoter-associated variable number tandem repeat. Human Genetics 105(6): 542\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004390051143","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390051143"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","article-title":"Simple, automatic noncompartmental analysis: The PKNCA R package","volume":"41","author":"Denney WS","year":"2015","unstructured":"Denney WS, Duvvuri S, Buckeridge C (2015) Simple, automatic noncompartmental analysis: The PKNCA R package. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 41(1): S65.","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dittrich A (1998) The standardized psychometric assessment of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) in humans. Pharmacopsychiatry 31(Suppl 2): 80\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-979351","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979351"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos RG Bouso JC Alc\u00e1zar-C\u00f3rcoles M\u00c1 et al. (2018) Efficacy tolerability and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for the management of mood anxiety and substance-use disorders: A systematic review of systematic reviews. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 11(9): 889\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17512433.2018.1511424","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2018.1511424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos RG Grasa E Valle M et al. (2012) Pharmacology of ayahuasca administered in two repeated doses. Psychopharmacology 219(4): 1039\u20131053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-011-2434-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2434-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos RG Os\u00f3rio FL Crippa JAS et al. (2016) Antidepressive anxiolytic and antiaddictive effects of ayahuasca psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): A systematic review of clinical trials published in the last 25 years. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 6(3): 193\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2045125316638008","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125316638008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos RG Osorio FD Rocha JM et al. (2021) Ayahuasca improves self-perception of speech performance in subjects with social anxiety disorder A pilot proof-of-concept randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 41(5): 540\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001428","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001428"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos RG Valle M Bouso JC et al. (2011) Autonomic neuroendocrine and immunological effects of ayahuasca: A comparative study with d-amphetamine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 31(6): 717\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31823607f6","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31823607f6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza DC Syed SA Flynn LT et al. (2022) Exploratory study of the dose-related safety tolerability and efficacy of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in healthy volunteers and major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 47(10): 1854\u20131862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-022-01344-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01344-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunkley EJC Isbister GK Sibbritt D et al. (2003) The Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria: Simple and accurate diagnostic decision rules for serotonin toxicity. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 96(9): 635\u2013642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/hcg109","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcg109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckern\u00e4s E Timmermann C Carhart-Harris R et al. (2022) Population pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic modeling of the psychedelic experience induced by N N-dimethyltryptamine: Implications for dose considerations. Clinical and Translational Science 15(12): 2928\u20132937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cts.13410","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckern\u00e4s E Timmermann C Carhart-Harris R et al. (2023) N N-dimethyltryptamine affects electroencephalography response in a concentration-dependent manner-A pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic analysis. CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology 12(4): 474\u2013486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/psp4.12933","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12933"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","first-page":"124","article-title":"Cardiovascular sensory receptors and their regulatory mechanisms","volume":"47","author":"Fahim M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fahim M (2003) Cardiovascular sensory receptors and their regulatory mechanisms. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 47(2): 124\u2013146.","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowler JS Volkow ND Wang GJ et al. (1996) Brain monoamine oxidase A inhibition in cigarette smokers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93(24): 14065\u201314069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.93.24.14065","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.24.14065"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallimore AR Strassman RJ (2016) A model for the application of target-controlled intravenous infusion for a prolonged immersive DMT psychedelic experience. Frontiers in Pharmacology 7(7): 211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2016.00211","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00211"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00252-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giovannetti C Garcia Arce S Rush B et al. (2020) Pilot evaluation of a residential drug addiction treatment combining traditional amazonian medicine ayahuasca and psychotherapy on depression and anxiety. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 52(5): 472\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2020.1789247","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2020.1789247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Good M Benway T Joel Z et al. (2023) Pharmacokinetics of N N-dimethyltryptamine fumarate in humans. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 48(3): 311\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13318-023-00822-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-023-00822-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E Heekeren K Neukirch A et al. (2005) Psychological effects of (S)-ketamine and N N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT): A double-blind cross-over study in healthy volunteers. Pharmacopsychiatry 38(6): 301\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2005-916185","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-916185"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffiths RR Johnson MW Carducci MA et al. (2016) Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology 30(12): 1181\u20131197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881116675513","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116675513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groeneveld GJ Hay JL Van Gerven JM (2016) Measuring blood-brain barrier penetration using the NeuroCart a CNS test battery. Drug Discovery Today. Technologies 20: 27\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ddtec.2016.07.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddtec.2016.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halman A Kong G Sarris J et al. (2024) Drug-drug interactions involving classic psychedelics: A systematic review. Journal of Psychopharmacology 38(1): 3\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811231211219","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811231211219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong SW Teesdale-Spittle P Page R et al. (2022) A review of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors in tobacco or tobacco smoke. NeuroToxicology 93: 163\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2022.09.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2022.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson MW Richards WA Griffiths RR (2008) Human hallucinogen research: Guidelines for safety. Journal of Psychopharmacology 22(6): 603\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881108093587","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108093587"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuznetsova A Brockhoff PB Christensen RHB (2017) LmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software 82(13): 1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luan LX Eckern\u00e4s E Ashton M et al. (2024) Psychological and physiological effects of extended DMT. Journal of Psychopharmacology 38(1): 56\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811231196877","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811231196877"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luethi D Kolaczynska KE Vogt SB et al. (2022) Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the bioanalysis of N N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and its metabolites DMT-N-oxide and indole-3-acetic acid in human plasma. Journal of Chromatography. B Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 1213: 123534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchromb.2022.123534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2022.123534"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nichols DE (2016) Psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews 68(2): 264\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pr.115.011478","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.011478"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ott J (1999) Pharmahuasca\u202f: Human pharmacology of oral DMT plus harmine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 31(2): 171\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.1999.10471741","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1999.10471741"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palhano-Fontes F Barreto D Onias H et al. (2019) Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Psychological Medicine 49(4): 655\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291718001356","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718001356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters M Passchier J (2006) Translating instruments for cross-cultural studies in headache research. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 46(1): 82\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00298.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00298.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020","unstructured":"R Core Team (2020) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross S Bossis A Guss J et al. (2016) Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology 30(12): 1165\u20131180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881116675512","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116675512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabol SZ Hu S Hamer D (1998) A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter. Human Genetics 103(3): 273\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004390050816","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sai-Halasz A (1962) The effect of antiserotonin on the experimental psychosis induced by dimethyltryptamine. Experientia 18: 137\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02153861","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02153861"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanfilippo C Castrogiovanni P Imbesi R et al. (2021) Sex-dependent monoamine oxidase isoforms expression patterns during human brain ageing. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 197: 111516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaheen N Miao J Xia B et al. (2025) Multifaceted role of microbiota-derived indole-3-acetic acid in human diseases and its potential clinical application. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 39(11): e70574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.202500295R","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202500295R"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin C Kim Y-K (2020) Ketamine in major depressive disorder: Mechanisms and future perspectives. Psychiatry Investigation 17(3): 181\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30773\/pi.2019.0236","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2019.0236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shumay E Logan J Volkow ND et al. (2012) Evidence that the methylation state of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene predicts brain activity of MAO A enzyme in healthy men. Epigenetics 7(10): 1151\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/epi.21976","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.21976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strassman RJ (1996) Human psychopharmacology of N N-dimethyltryptamine. Behavioural Brain Research 73(1\u20132): 121\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0166-4328(96)00081-2","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(96)00081-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strassman RJ Qualls CR (1994) Dose-response study of N N-dimethyltryptamine in humans: I. Neuroendocrine autonomic and cardiovascular effects. Archives of General Psychiatry 51(2): 85\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950020009001","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950020009001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strassman RJ Qualls CR Berg LM (1996) Differential tolerance to biological and subjective effects of four closely spaced doses of N N-Dimethyltryptamine in humans. Biological Psychiatry 39(9): 784\u2013795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00200-6","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00200-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strassman RJ Qualls CR Uhlenhuth EH et al. (1994) Dose-response study of N N-Dimethyltryptamine in humans II: Subjective effects and preliminary results of a new rating scale. Archives of General Psychiatry 51: 98\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950020022002","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950020022002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Studerus E Gamma A Vollenweider FX (2010) Psychometric evaluation of the altered states of consciousness rating scale (OAV). PLoS One 5(8): e12412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0012412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sz\u00e1ra S (1956) Dimethyltryptamin: Its metabolism in man; The relation of its psychotic effect to the serotonin metabolism. Experientia 12(11): 442\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02157378","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02157378"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timmermann C Roseman L Haridas S et al. (2023) Human brain effects of DMT assessed via EEG-fMRI. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 120(13): e2218949120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2218949120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2218949120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timmermann C Roseman L Schartner M et al. (2019) Neural correlates of the DMT experience assessed with multivariate EEG. Scientific Reports 9(1): 16324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-51974-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51974-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Heijden KV Otto ME Schoones JW et al. (2025) Clinical pharmacokinetics of N N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT): A systematic review and Post-hoc analysis. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 64(2): 215\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-024-01450-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-024-01450-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Steveninck AL van Berckel BN Schoemaker RC et al. (1999) The sensitivity of pharmacodynamic tests for the central nervous system effects of drugs on the effects of sleep deprivation. Journal of Psychopharmacology 13(1): 10\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/026988119901300102","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119901300102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogt SB Ley L Erne L et al. (2023) Acute effects of intravenous DMT in a randomized placebo-controlled study in healthy participants. Translational Psychiatry Psychiatry 13(1): 172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-023-02477-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02477-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vollenweider FX Preller KH (2020) Psychedelic drugs: Neurobiology and potential for treatment of psychiatric disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 21(11): 611\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-020-0367-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0367-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeifman RJ Palhano-Fontes F Hallak J et al. (2019) The impact of ayahuasca on suicidality: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Pharmacology 10(11): 1325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2019.01325","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeifman RJ Singhal N Dos Santos RG et al. (2021) Rapid and sustained decreases in suicidality following a single dose of ayahuasca among individuals with recurrent major depressive disorder: Results from an open-label trial. Psychopharmacology 238(2): 453\u2013459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-020-05692-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05692-9"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02698811261473451","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02698811261473451","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02698811261473451","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:25:25Z","timestamp":1788359125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02698811261473451"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02698811261473451"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811261473451","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8811","1461-7285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8811","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"article-number":"02698811261473451"}}