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Given increasing cannabis use globally, understanding the effects of THC on social functioning is essential.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review of preclinical studies indexed in MEDLINE and PsycINFO to examine the effects of THC on social behaviour in wild-type (WT) rodents and rodent social impairment models (SIM). Forty-nine studies encompassing 146 experiments were included. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using SYRCLE\u2019s tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In WT rodents, THC generally reduced social behaviour, particularly following acute or adolescent exposure at moderate-to-high doses. SIM results were mixed: while low-dose THC sometimes improved social behaviour in schizophrenia-related models, higher doses often worsened deficits or had no effect. Outcomes varied by dose, sex, developmental timing, and experimental model. RoB assessment revealed insufficient reporting for nearly half of the included studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the complexity of THC\u2019s behavioural effects and suggest a need for more rigorous, sex-balanced preclinical research. Moreover, suboptimal methodological quality across studies hinders replicability and generalizability. More thorough and streamlined reporting is needed to support the translational validity of this area of research. As interest grows in ECS-targeted therapies for psychiatric disorders, understanding how THC modulates affiliative social behaviour under different conditions will be essential to inform safe and effective clinical strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811261478615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:34:47Z","timestamp":1790768087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of \u0394\n                    <sup>9<\/sup>\n                    -tetrahydrocannabinol on affiliative social behaviour: A systematic review of rodent studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9559-9471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mashal","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1291-0338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina F.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raesham","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony P.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Le Foll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Boileau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kloiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed M Best LM Pereira CF et al. 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