{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:35:24Z","timestamp":1792787724848,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Forschungskredit PostDoc UZH","award":["FK-18-052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FK-18-052"]}]},{"name":"Bioentrepreneur Fellowship UZH","award":["BIOEF-18-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIOEF-18-009"]}]},{"name":"Bertarelli Foundation","award":["Catalyst"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Catalyst"]}]},{"name":"SNSF Swiss National Science Foundation","award":["P0ZHP1_191935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0ZHP1_191935"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yjd3n13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychoactive serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists are potent modulators of awareness. Influential theories propose that psychedelics alter whole-brain dynamics by increasing neural signal diversity and dynamic flexibility. Beyond temporal variability, it is an open question whether psychedelics impact the characteristics of transient neural state sequences themselves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our goal was to assess how an ayahuasca-inspired formulation (intranasal N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and buccal harmine) modulates parameters of neural state sequences close to the peak of the psychedelic state.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled Electroencephalography (EEG) study, participants (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200925) were administered the following interventions on separate testing days: (1) a DMT\/harmine formulation; (2) harmine alone and (3) a placebo. We used EEG microstate analysis to compare the neural dynamics between the three conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results\/Outcomes:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to harmine and placebo, DMT\/harmine was linked to reduced microstate duration but increased microstate occurrence and complexity. Higher first-order Markov statistics revealed that transition sequences became less random when DMT\/harmine was administered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Interpretation:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our finding that DMT\/harmine is associated with more complex and predictable neural state sequences as well as accelerated state transitions is consistent with models of increased metastability and signal diversity. By revealing a more diverse repertoire of neural state sequences under DMT\/harmine, our findings improve our understanding of neural dynamics in psychedelic states.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Neurodynamics of prosocial emotional processing following serotonergic stimulation with N,N-DMT and harmine in healthy subjects.\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04716335\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04716335<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811261481062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:20:17Z","timestamp":1790061617000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["N,N-Dimethyltryptamine and harmine formulation alters transient EEG topography sequences near the peak of the psychedelic state"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4459-6796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Niedernhuber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5268-9992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dila","family":"Suay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Clinic Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bigna","family":"Lenggenhager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Clinic Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Scheidegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Clinic Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Dornbierer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Clinic Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5915-7086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Aicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Clinic Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aicher HD Mueller MJ Dornbierer DA et al. (2024) Potential therapeutic effects of an ayahuasca-inspired N N-DMT and harmine formulation: A controlled trial in healthy subjects. Frontiers in Psychiatry 14: 1302559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1302559","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1302559"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atasoy S Roseman L Kaelen M et al. (2017) Connectome-harmonic decomposition of human brain activity reveals dynamical repertoire re-organization under LSD. Scientific Reports 7(1): 17661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-17546-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17546-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avila-Varela DS Hidalgo-Lopez E Dagnino PC et al. (2024) Whole-brain dynamics across the menstrual cycle: The role of hormonal fluctuations and age in healthy women. Npj Women\u2019s Health 2(1): 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44294-024-00012-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s44294-024-00012-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagdasarov A Roberts K Br\u00e9chet L et al. (2022) Spatiotemporal dynamics of EEG microstates in four- to eight-year-old children: Age- and sex-related effects. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 57: 101134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2022.101134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2022.101134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagdasarov A Roberts K Brunet D et al. (2024) Exploring the association between EEG microstates during resting-state and error-related activity in young children. Brain Topography 37(4): 552\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10548-023-01030-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-023-01030-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bapat R Pathak A Banerjee A (2024) Metastability indexes global changes in the dynamic working point of the brain following brain stimulation. Frontiers in Neurorobotics 18: 1336438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbot.2024.1336438","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2024.1336438"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beliveau V Ganz M Feng L et al. (2017) A high-resolution in vivo atlas of the human brain\u2019s serotonin system. Journal of Neuroscience 37(1): 120\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2830-16.2016","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2830-16.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackburne G McAlpine RG Fabus M et al. (2025) Complex slow waves in the human brain under 5-MeO-DMT. Cell Reports 44(8): 116040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u00e9chet L Brunet D Perogamvros L et al. (2020) EEG microstates of dreams. Scientific Reports 10(1): 17069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-74075-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74075-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u00e9chet L Michel CM (2022) EEG microstates in altered states of consciousness. Frontiers in Psychology 13: 856697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.856697","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.856697"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodbeck V Kuhn A Von Wegner F et al. (2012) EEG microstates of wakefulness and NREM sleep. NeuroImage 62(3): 2129\u20132139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.05.060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.05.060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameron LP Benetatos J Lewis V et al. (2023) Beyond the 5-HT2A receptor: Classic and nonclassic targets in psychedelic drug action. Journal of Neuroscience 43(45): 7472\u20137482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1384-23.2023","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1384-23.2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canal P Pesciarelli F Vespignani F et al. (2017) Basic composition and enriched integration in idiom processing: An EEG study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 43(6): 928\u2013943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xlm0000351","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000351"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbonaro TM Gatch MB (2016) Neuropharmacology of N N-dimethyltryptamine. Brain Research Bulletin 126: 74\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.04.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris RL Friston KJ (2019) REBUS and the anarchic brain: Toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews 71(3): 316\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pr.118.017160","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.118.017160"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris RL Leech R Hellyer P et al. (2014) The entropic brain: A theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8: 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00020","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chi T Gold JA (2020) A review of emerging therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 411: 116715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116715"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conover WJ Iman RL (1981) Rank transformations as a bridge between parametric and nonparametric statistics. The American Statistician 35(3): 124\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00031305.1981.10479327","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1981.10479327"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruzat J Perl YS Escrichs A et al. (2022) Effects of classic psychedelic drugs on turbulent signatures in brain dynamics. Network Neuroscience 6(4): 1104\u20131124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/netn_a_00250","DOI":"10.1162\/netn_a_00250"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehaene S Changeux J-P (2011) Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing. Neuron 70(2): 200\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.03.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delorme A Makeig S (2004) EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 134(1): 9\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demuru M Angiolelli M Lopez ET et al. (2026) Hormone-dependent microstates and the reconfiguration of resting-state dynamics across the menstrual cycle. bioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.03.06.707993","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.06.707993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denomme N Heifets BD (2024) Ketamine the first associative anesthetic? Some considerations on classifying psychedelics entactogens and dissociatives. American Journal of Psychiatry 181(9): 784\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.20240644","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20240644"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denzer S Diezig S Achermann P et al. (2024) Electrophysiological (EEG) microstates during dream-like bizarre experiences in a naturalistic scenario using immersive virtual reality. European Journal of Neuroscience 60(8): 5815\u20135830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.16530","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16530"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diezig S Denzer S Achermann P et al. (2022) EEG microstate dynamics associated with dream-like experiences during the transition to sleep. Brain Topography 37: 343\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10548-022-00923-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-022-00923-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-Clav\u00e9 E Soler J Elices M et al. (2016) Ayahuasca: Pharmacology neuroscience and therapeutic potential. Brain Research Bulletin 126: 89\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.03.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dornbierer DA Marten L Mueller J et al. (2023) Overcoming the clinical challenges of traditional ayahuasca: A first-in-human trial exploring novel routes of administration of N N-Dimethyltryptamine and harmine. Frontiers in Pharmacology 14: 1246892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1246892","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1246892"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egger K Aicher HD Cumming P et al. (2024) Neurobiological research on N N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and its potentiation by monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition: From ayahuasca to synthetic combinations of DMT and MAO inhibitors. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 81(1): 395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-024-05353-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05353-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ermakova AO Dunbar F Rucker J et al. (2022) A narrative synthesis of research with 5-MeO-DMT. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford England) 36(3): 273\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811211050543","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211050543"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faber PL Travis F Milz P et al. (2017) EEG microstates during different phases of transcendental meditation practice. Cognitive Processing 18(3): 307\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10339-017-0812-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-017-0812-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontanilla D Johannessen M Hajipour AR et al. (2009) The hallucinogen N N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an endogenous sigma-1 receptor regulator. Science 323(5916): 934\u2013937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1166127","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1166127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girn M Rosas FE Daws RE et al. (2023) A complex systems perspective on psychedelic brain action. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 27(5): 433\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2023.01.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo Y Zhong Y Dong A et al. (2025) Modulation of consciousness in disorders of consciousness by HD-tDCS targeting frontal and posterior cortical regions. Scientific Reports 15(1): 27218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-12462-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-12462-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hainke L Spitschan M Priller J et al. (2025) 40 Hz steady-state visually evoked potentials recovered during oscillating transcranial electrical stimulation. Biomedical Physics and Engineering Express 11(5): 055031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/adfdea","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/adfdea"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halberstadt AL Nichols DE Geyer MA (2012) Behavioral effects of \u03b1 \u03b1 \u03b2 \u03b2-tetradeutero-5-MeO-DMT in rats: Comparison with 5-MeO-DMT administered in combination with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Psychopharmacology 221(4): 709\u2013718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-011-2616-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2616-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hancock F Rosas FE Luppi AI et al. (2025) Metastability demystified \u2013 the foundational past the pragmatic present and the promising future. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 26(2): 82\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-024-00883-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00883-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haraguchi R Hoshi H Ichikawa S et al. (2021) The menstrual cycle alters resting-state cortical activity: A magnetoencephalography study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15: 652789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.652789","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.652789"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermann G T\u00f6dt I Tagliazucchi E et al. (2024) Propofol reversibly attenuates short-range microstate ordering and 20 Hz microstate oscillations. Brain Topography 37(2): 329\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10548-023-01023-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-023-01023-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou H Yu J Hao S et al. (2025) Electroencephalography microstates as biomarkers for screening Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Feasibility analysis and a machine learning classification scheme. Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: JAD 108(2): 693\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877251379072","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251379072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson MW Hendricks PS Barrett FS et al. (2019) Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology therapeutics mystical experience and brain network function. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 197: 83\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katayama H Gianotti LRR Isotani T et al. (2007) Classes of multichannel EEG microstates in light and deep hypnotic conditions. Brain Topography 20(1): 7\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10548-007-0024-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-007-0024-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Kay M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kay M, Elkin LA, Higgins JJ, et al. (2025) ARTool: aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial ANOVAs. R package version 0.11. 1. In: Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinert T Koenig T Nash K et al. (2024) On the reliability of the EEG microstate approach. Brain Topography 37(2): 271\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10548-023-00982-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-023-00982-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwan AC Olson DE Preller KH et al. (2022) The neural basis of psychedelic action. Nature Neuroscience 25(11): 1407\u20131419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-022-01177-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01177-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapointe AP Li D Hudetz AG et al. (2023) Microstate analyses as an indicator of anesthesia-induced unconsciousness. Clinical Neurophysiology 147: 81\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.01.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrence DW Carhart-Harris R Griffiths R et al. (2022) Phenomenology and content of the inhaled N N-dimethyltryptamine (N N-DMT) experience. Scientific Reports 12(1): 8562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-11999-8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11999-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehmann D (1990) Brain electric microstates and cognition: The atoms of thought. In: John ER Harmony T Prichep LS et al. (eds) Machinery of the Mind: Data Theory and Speculations About Higher Brain Function. Birkh\u00e4user pp.209\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4757-1083-0_10","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-1083-0_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehmann D Michel CM (2011) EEG-defined functional microstates as basic building blocks of mental processes. Clinical Neurophysiology 122(6): 1073\u20131074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.11.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehmann D Ozaki H P\u00e1l I (1987) EEG alpha map series: Brain micro-states by space-oriented adaptive segmentation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 67(3): 271\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0013-4694(87)90025-3","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(87)90025-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lempel A Ziv J (1976) On the complexity of finite sequences. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 22(1): 75\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIT.1976.1055501","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1976.1055501"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li D Mashour GA (2019) Cortical dynamics during psychedelic and anesthetized states induced by ketamine. NeuroImage 196: 32\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.03.076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.03.076"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li D Vlisides PE Mashour GA (2022) Dynamic reconfiguration of frequency-specific cortical coactivation patterns during psychedelic and anesthetized states induced by ketamine. NeuroImage 249: 118891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.118891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.118891"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lord L-D Expert P Atasoy S et al. (2019) Dynamical exploration of the repertoire of brain networks at rest is modulated by psilocybin. NeuroImage 199: 127\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ly C Greb AC Cameron LP et al. (2018) Psychedelics promote structural and functional neural plasticity. Cell Reports 23(11): 3170\u20133182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melani A Papini G Bonaso M et al. (2026) Ayahuasca and its main component N N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) for the treatment of mental disorders: Mechanisms of action clinical studies and tools to explore the human mind. Biomedicines 14(3): 506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines14030506","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines14030506"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michel CM Koenig T (2018) EEG microstates as a tool for studying the temporal dynamics of whole-brain neuronal networks: A review. NeuroImage 180: 577\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyawaki H Billeh YN Diba K (2017) Low activity microstates during sleep. Sleep 40(6): zsx066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsx066","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson DL Lucaites VL Wainscott DB et al. (1999) Comparisons of hallucinogenic phenylisopropylamine binding affinities at cloned human 5-HT2A 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Archives of Pharmacology 359(1): 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/PL00005315","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nichols DE (2016) Psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews 68(2): 264\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pr.115.011478","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.011478"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pallavicini C Cavanna F Zamberlan F et al. (2021) Neural and subjective effects of inhaled N N-dimethyltryptamine in natural settings. Journal of Psychopharmacology 35(4): 406\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881120981384","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120981384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panda R Bharath RD Upadhyay N et al. (2016) Temporal dynamics of the default mode network characterize meditation-induced alterations in consciousness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 10: 372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00372","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00372"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascual-Marqui RD Michel CM Lehmann D (1995) Segmentation of brain electrical activity into microstates: Model estimation and validation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 42(7): 658\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/10.391164","DOI":"10.1109\/10.391164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Politi M Tresca G Menghini L et al. (2022) Beyond the psychoactive effects of ayahuasca: Cultural and pharmacological relevance of its emetic and purging properties. Planta Medica 88(14): 1275\u20131286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1675-3840","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1675-3840"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","volume-title":"RStudio: Integrated development environment for R","author":"Posit Team","year":"2025","unstructured":"Posit Team (2025) RStudio: Integrated development environment for R [Manual]. Posit Software, PBC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rankaduwa S Owen AM (2023) Psychedelics entropic brain theory and the taxonomy of conscious states: A summary of debates and perspectives. Neuroscience of Consciousness 2023(1): niad001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nc\/niad001","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niad001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray TS (2010) Psychedelics and the human receptorome. PLoS One 5(2): e9019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0009019","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reckweg JT Uthaug MV Szabo A et al. (2022) The clinical pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of 5-methoxy-N N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). Journal of Neurochemistry 162(1): 128\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.15587","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15587"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rickli A Moning OD Hoener MC et al. (2016) Receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive tryptamines compared with classic hallucinogens. European Neuropsychopharmacology 26(8): 1327\u20131337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.05.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez L L\u00f3pez A Moyna G et al. (2022) New insights into the chemical composition of ayahuasca. ACS Omega 7(14): 12307\u201312317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.2c00795","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c00795"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez G Hartmann T Fusc\u00e0 M et al. (2020) Decoding across sensory modalities reveals common supramodal signatures of conscious perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117(13): 7437\u20137446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1912584117","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1912584117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shadani S Conn K Andrews ZB et al. (2024) Potential differences in psychedelic actions based on biological sex. Endocrinology 165(8): bqae083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqae083","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqae083"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shanahan M (2010) Metastable chimera states in community-structured oscillator networks. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 20(1): 013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.3305451","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3305451"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simor P Szal\u00e1rdy O Gombos F et al. (2021) REM sleep microstates in the human anterior thalamus. Journal of Neuroscience 41(26): 5677\u20135686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1899-20.2021","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1899-20.2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singleton SP Luppi AI Carhart-Harris RL et al. (2022) Receptor-informed network control theory links LSD and psilocybin to a flattening of the brain\u2019s control energy landscape. Nature Communications 13(1): 5812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-33578-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33578-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sleigh J Harvey M Voss L et al. (2014) Ketamine \u2013 More mechanisms of action than just NMDA blockade. Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care 4(2): 76\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tacc.2014.03.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tacc.2014.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojanovi\u0107 T Nilsson KW Fredriksson R et al. (2026) Registered clinical trials of ayahuasca and DMT: A scoping review. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 120(1): 94\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpt.70311","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.70311"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strassman RJ (1995) Human psychopharmacology of N N-dimethyltryptamine. Behavioural Brain Research 73(1): 121\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0166-4328(96)00081-2","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(96)00081-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Studerus E Gamma A Vollenweider FX (2010) Psychometric evaluation of the altered states of Consciousness Rating Scale (OAV). PLoS One 5(8): e12412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0012412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tagliazucchi E Carhart-Harris R Leech R et al. (2014) Enhanced repertoire of brain dynamical states during the psychedelic experience. Human Brain Mapping 35(11): 5442\u20135456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.22562","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22562"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tait L Tamagnini F Stothart G et al. (2020) EEG microstate complexity for aiding early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Scientific Reports 10(1): 17627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-74790-7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74790-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tait L Zhang J (2022) +Microstate: A MATLAB toolbox for brain microstate analysis in sensor and cortical EEG\/MEG. NeuroImage 258: 119346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119346"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","unstructured":"MathWorks Inc. (2021) MATLAB version 9.10.0 (R2021a). Natick MA: MathWorks Inc. Available at: https:\/\/www.mathworks.com (accessed 9 September 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timmermann C Bauer PR Gosseries O et al. (2023) A neurophenomenological approach to non-ordinary states of consciousness: Hypnosis meditation and psychedelics. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 27(2): 139\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2022.11.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timmermann C Roseman L Schartner M et al. (2019) Neural correlates of the DMT experience assessed with multivariate EEG. Scientific Reports 9(1): 16324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-51974-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51974-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timmermann C Sanders JW Reydellet D et al. (2025) Exploring 5-MeO-DMT as a pharmacological model for deconstructed consciousness. Neuroscience of Consciousness 2025(1): niaf007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nc\/niaf007","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niaf007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tognoli E Kelso JAS (2014) The metastable brain. Neuron 81(1): 35\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uthaug MV Lancelotta R Szabo A et al. (2020) Prospective examination of synthetic 5-methoxy-N N-dimethyltryptamine inhalation: Effects on salivary IL-6 cortisol levels affect and non-judgment. Psychopharmacology 237(3): 773\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-019-05414-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05414-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlisides PE Bel-Bahar T Nelson A et al. (2018) Subanaesthetic ketamine and altered states of consciousness in humans. British Journal of Anaesthesia 121(1): 249\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2018.03.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vollenweider FX Kometer M (2010) The neurobiology of psychedelic drugs: Implications for the treatment of mood disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11(9): 642\u2013651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn2884","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2884"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vollenweider FX Preller KH (2020) Psychedelic drugs: Neurobiology and potential for treatment of psychiatric disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 21(11): 611\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-020-0367-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0367-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Wegner F Tagliazucchi E Laufs H (2017) Information-theoretical analysis of resting state EEG microstate sequences\u2013non-Markovianity non-stationarity and periodicities. NeuroImage 158: 99\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaden DB Johnson MW Griffiths RR et al. (2021) Psychedelics and consciousness: Distinctions demarcations and opportunities. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 24(8): 615\u2013623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab026","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahid Z Strassman RJ Qualls CR et al. (2026) 5-HT1A receptor blockade potentiates the subjective effects of DMT. Journal of Psychopharmacology 40(8): 1261\u20131269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811261443696","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811261443696"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanesco AP Skwara AC King BG et al. (2021) Meditation training modulates brain electric microstates and felt states of awareness. Human Brain Mapping 42(10): 3228\u20133252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.25430","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25430"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeifman RJ Spriggs MJ Kettner H et al. (2025) From relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) to revised beliefs after psychedelics (REBAS). Scientific Reports 15(1): 3651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-28111-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28111-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Y Wang H Yan F et al. (2025) Frequency- and state-dependent dynamics of EEG microstates during propofol anesthesia. NeuroImage 310: 121159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman DW Zumbo BD (1993) Relative power of the Wilcoxon test the Friedman test and repeated-measures ANOVA on ranks. The Journal of Experimental Education 62(1): 75\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00220973.1993.9943832","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.1993.9943832"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02698811261481062","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02698811261481062","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02698811261481062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:23:32Z","timestamp":1790267012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02698811261481062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":97,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02698811261481062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811261481062","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8811","1461-7285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8811","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"article-number":"02698811261481062"}}