{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T17:16:43Z","timestamp":1786468603833,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cigarette smoking is often associated with dementia. This association is thought to be mediated by hypoperfusion; however, how smoking behavior relates to cerebral blood flow (CBF) remains unclear. Using data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort (mean age\u2009=\u200950; n\u2009=\u2009522), we examined the association between smoking behavior (status, cumulative pack-years, age at smoking initiation, and years since cessation) and CBF (arterial spin labeling) in brain lobes and regions linked to dementia. We used adjusted linear regression models and tested whether associations differed between current and former-smokers. Compared to never-smokers, former-smokers had lower CBF in the parietal and occipital lobes, cuneus, precuneus, putamen, and insula; in contrast, current-smokers did not have lower CBF. The relationship between pack-years and CBF was different between current and former-smokers ( p for interaction\u2009&lt;\u20090.05): Among current-smokers, higher pack-years were associated with higher occipital, temporal, cuneus, putamen, insula, hippocampus, and caudate CBF; former-smokers had lower caudate CBF with increasing pack-years. Results show links between smoking and CBF at middle-age in regions implicated in cognitive and compulsive\/addictive processes. Differences between current and former smoking suggest that distinct pathological and\/or compensatory mechanisms may be involved depending on the timing and history of smoking exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x18754973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T10:49:42Z","timestamp":1516618182000},"page":"1247-1257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Cigarette smoking and cerebral blood flow in a cohort of middle-aged adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Martine","family":"Elbejjani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reto","family":"Auer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudipto","family":"Dolui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"David R","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaddeus","family":"Haight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"David C","family":"Goff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A","family":"Detre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Davatzikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R Nick","family":"Bryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenore J","family":"Launer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318230e861"},{"key":"bibr2-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.009"},{"key":"bibr3-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.008"},{"key":"bibr4-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S34874"},{"key":"bibr5-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e3182299496"},{"key":"bibr6-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/367516"},{"key":"bibr7-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001716"},{"key":"bibr8-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.06.014"},{"key":"bibr9-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318227b227"},{"key":"bibr10-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800413512175"},{"key":"bibr11-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2016.07.001"},{"key":"bibr12-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120708198"},{"key":"bibr13-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03340200030024"},{"key":"bibr14-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03350440048029"},{"key":"bibr15-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.05.016"},{"key":"bibr16-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.112"},{"key":"bibr17-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90080-7"},{"key":"bibr18-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122138"},{"key":"bibr19-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2007.07.003"},{"key":"bibr20-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.004"},{"key":"bibr21-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25197"},{"key":"bibr22-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.073"},{"key":"bibr23-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21515"},{"key":"bibr24-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22002"},{"key":"bibr25-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn278"},{"key":"bibr26-0271678X18754973","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brand M and Markowitsch H. 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