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Electrophysiological recordings showed that neuronal deactivation underlies the negative BOLD observed in the occipital lobe during visual stimulation. In this study, the metabolic demand of such a response was studied by measuring local metabolite concentration changes during a visual checkerboard stimulation using functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) at 7 Tesla. The results showed increases of glutamate and lactate concentrations during the positive BOLD response, consistent with previous fMRS studies. In contrast, during the negative BOLD response, decreasing concentrations of glutamate, lactate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were found, suggesting a reduction of glycolytic and oxidative metabolic demand below the baseline. Additionally, the respective changes of the BOLD signal, glutamate and lactate concentrations of both groups suggest that a local increase of inhibitory activity might occur during the negative BOLD response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x19831022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T09:00:16Z","timestamp":1550048416000},"page":"488-500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Metabolite concentration changes associated with positive and negative BOLD responses in the human visual cortex: A functional MRS study at 7 Tesla"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Yohan","family":"Boillat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijing","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal imaging and technology core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wietske","family":"van der Zwaag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal imaging and technology core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Gruetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Animal imaging and technology core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35084005"},{"key":"bibr2-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80659-5"},{"key":"bibr3-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892902317361930"},{"key":"bibr4-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.12.6037"},{"key":"bibr5-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200208000-00002"},{"key":"bibr6-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1675"},{"key":"bibr7-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.015"},{"key":"bibr8-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.02.029"},{"key":"bibr9-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3447-08.2009"},{"key":"bibr10-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm208"},{"key":"bibr11-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3985-11.2012"},{"key":"bibr12-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.134"},{"key":"bibr13-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.02.005"},{"key":"bibr14-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.1924"},{"key":"bibr15-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.09.011"},{"key":"bibr16-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.35"},{"key":"bibr17-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(92)90015-7"},{"key":"bibr18-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501703102"},{"key":"bibr19-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.01.036"},{"key":"bibr20-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01061-9"},{"key":"bibr21-0271678X19831022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bressler D, Spotswood N, Whitney D. 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