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The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic potential of intra-arterially administered IL-1\u0251 preconditioned MSCs, after experimental cerebral ischaemia in mice. After 3\u2009h from the start of middle cerebral artery occlusion, animals were treated with vehicle, 9.1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    non-conditioned or IL-1\u0251 preconditioned MSCs by intra-arterial administration. Animals were allowed to recover for 1.5\u2009h after treatment to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF), and 3\u2009days or 14\u2009days post-stroke to evaluate lesion volume and functional outcomes. At 3-days post-stroke preconditioned MSCs reduced (by 67%) lesion volume and increased CBF (by 32%) compared to vehicle, while non-conditioned MSCs had no effect. A separate cohort of animals recovered to 14\u2009days post-stroke also showed reduced infarct volume (by 51%) at 48\u2009h (assessed by MRI) and better functional recovery at 14\u2009days when treated with preconditioned MSCs when compared to vehicle. Preconditioning MSCs with IL-1\u03b1 increases their neuroprotective capability and improves functional recovery after delayed intra-arterial administration. With increasing use of thrombectomy, the adjunct use of preconditioned MSCs therefore represents a highly relevant therapy to improve outcomes in ischemic stroke.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x231197109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T05:42:07Z","timestamp":1692596527000},"page":"2040-2048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Preconditioning with interleukin-1 alpha is required for the neuroprotective properties of mesenchymal stem cells after ischemic stroke in mice"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Raymond","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health 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