{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:21:32Z","timestamp":1780399292334,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) enhances astrocytic functions through hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 (HIF-1\u03b1). Astrocytic Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    influx through L-type Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    channels (LTCCs) facilitates neurovascular communication, while the large-conductance Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    - and voltage-activated K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    (BK) channel mediates K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    efflux for vasodilation. However, the role of LTCC subunits in KRGE-mediated BK\u03b1 and HIF-1\u03b1 expression in astrocytes remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of KRGE on LTCC subunits, cytosolic Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    influx, and BK\u03b1 and HIF-1\u03b1 induction in human astrocytes. The levels of BK\u03b1, LTCCs, and HIF-1\u03b1 were analyzed in KRGE-treated mouse brain tissue using immunohistochemistry. Human astrocytes treated with an LTCC agonist exhibited increased BK\u03b1 and HIF-1\u03b1 protein levels. Similarly, KRGE increased the levels of LTCC subunits \u03b11\u2009C and \u03b24, cytosolic Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    influx, BK\u03b1, and HIF-1\u03b1. Moreover, knockdown of either \u03b11\u2009C or \u03b24 attenuated KRGE-induced increases in Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    influx and HIF-1\u03b1 levels. Notably, their combined knockdown synergistically reduced KRGE-induced increases in BK\u03b1 levels, mitochondrial mass, ATP production, and O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    consumption. The corpus callosum astrocytes of KRGE-treated mice exhibited increased levels of \u03b11\u2009C and \u03b24, BK\u03b1, HIF-1\u03b1, and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). Collectively, these findings suggest that KRGE induced astrocytic BK\u03b1 and HIF-1\u03b1 expression via LTCC-mediated Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    influx and subsequent CREB activation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x251332760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:52:49Z","timestamp":1746172369000},"page":"430-443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Upregulation of astrocytic mitochondrial functions via Korean red ginseng-induced CREB-BK\u03b1-HIF-1\u03b1 axis through L-type Ca\n                    <sup>2+<\/sup>\n                    channel subunits \u03b11C and \u03b24"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Hyungsu","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunhong","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minsu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyungkeun","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7533-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taehyung","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Yoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Myeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0242-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon Kyung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2021.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2021.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12111512"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11091742"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4707-08.2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8050121"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4201"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00427"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6684"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23723"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wmts.102"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2012.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16104.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt021"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1779"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034038"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914722107"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1646483"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06231-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051164"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00057.2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202039"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105568"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302028110"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-172353"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2929"}],"container-title":["Journal 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