{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T07:41:00Z","timestamp":1777794060086,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The resting brain is fuelled by glucose with a small release of lactate. During exercise, the brain switches to extracting lactate from blood and this increases brain carbohydrate uptake in great excess to that of oxygen. The fate of this excess carbohydrate uptake is unknown. Studies investigating the fate of brain carbohydrate uptake use brief periods of brain activation and so it is possible that the dissociation between brain glucose and oxygen metabolism is temporal and not material. In 13 healthy humans, we induced sustained increases in brain carbohydrate uptake via 2\u2009h of mixed-intensity cycling exercise and hypothesized that lactate accumulation in the cerebrospinal fluid would account for some of this excess carbohydrate uptake. Exercise shifted the brain from releasing to extracting lactate (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.034), causing an excess uptake of 14.3\u2009\u00b1\u20093.7\u2009mmol of carbohydrate over 2\u2009h of exercise. Although CSF glucose remained perfectly stable (3.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2 vs 3.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u2009mmol\/L;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.0), CSF lactate concentration doubled (1.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05 vs 2.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3\u2009mmol\/L;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and was correlated to cerebral lactate uptake (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.68,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.015). This accumulation of lactate in CSF represents a 15% increase in carbohydrate-based ATP availability, but accounts for only 6% of the unexplained carbohydrate extracted by the brain during exercise.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x251399006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T05:45:32Z","timestamp":1765172732000},"page":"671-681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lactate accumulates in the cerebrospinal fluid after prolonged exercise"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Jennifer S","family":"Duffy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia \u2013 Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin A","family":"Monteleone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia \u2013 Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay MJR","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia \u2013 Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Connor A","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia \u2013 Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jodie","family":"Koep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia \u2013 Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2548-6468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan D","family":"Bird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia \u2013 Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tenasia D","family":"Monaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia \u2013 Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5571-4268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian M","family":"Brewster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia \u2013 Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew R","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia \u2013 Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1565-9169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate N","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5989-3961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip N","family":"Ainslie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia \u2013 Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3893-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Travis D","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kety SS. 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