{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:46:46Z","timestamp":1785930406600,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Axonal demyelination is a key feature in multiple sclerosis (MS), that is, increasingly linked to a state of energetic failure, however current non-invasive methods to probe downstream metabolic changes are lacking. This study aimed to investigate Deuterium Metabolic Imaging (DMI) to measure alterations in glucose metabolism in MS compared to healthy controls (HC). In this prospective study DMI was performed on eight patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) together with eight age- and sex-matched HC. Following oral administration of [6,6\u2032-\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ] glucose, DMI was acquired on 3\u2009T MRI to quantify the metabolic conversion of glucose (Glc) into glutamate and glutamine (Glx) and lactate. White matter (WM) oxidative metabolism (\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    H-Glx\/\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    H-Water), showed a negative correlation with the Expanded Disability Status Scale score (EDSS) (Pearson\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.71,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.049). Glucose (\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    H-Glc\/\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    H-Water), remained unchanged across EDSS (Pearson\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.13,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.76). Impaired glucose levels and oxidative metabolism in WM correlated negatively with increased number of T2-FLAIR lesions (Pearson\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.86 to \u22120.83, respectively). These in vivo findings provide evidence for a relative failure of oxidative energy production within the WM of RRMS compared to HC offering proof of concept that DMI is a feasible tool for measuring neurodegeneration related metabolic changes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x261437569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T11:14:55Z","timestamp":1775301295000},"page":"2153-2164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring brain glucose metabolism in multiple sclerosis: A deuterium metabolic imaging study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9048-9553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alixander S","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1572-1473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamilla K\u00f8rup","family":"Trosborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7666-6819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Vaeggemose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"GE HealthCare, Brondby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Gaemelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5512-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esben S S","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7390-6071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nichlas Vous","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6258-1299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack J","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf F","family":"Schulte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GE HealthCare, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline Winther","family":"T\u00f8rring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Danish MS Hospitals, Ry and Haslev, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4132-2789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrik","family":"Dalgas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Biology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3233-0429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars G","family":"Hvid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Danish MS Hospitals, Ry and Haslev, Denmark"},{"name":"Exercise Biology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0317-2911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoffer","family":"Laustsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26858"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12576"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-052920-040318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514533230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0756-16.2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology8020037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1954.02330060024004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.211252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31828935ac"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.11.1764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf240"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh467"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jon199884228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat7314"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29830"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.232407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.241808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1657"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29478"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2014.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"53","volume-title":"SPM12 manual","author":"Ashburner J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ashburner J, Barnes G, Chen C-C, et al. SPM12 manual, vol. 2464(4). Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, 2014, p.53."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2012.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","first-page":"3625","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 Annual Meeting of the ISMRM","author":"Tyler A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tyler A, Lau JY, Ellis J, et al. Increased SNR and improved reproducibility for cardiac 31P MRS at 7T using compartmentalized spectroscopy. In Proceedings of the 2021 Annual Meeting of the ISMRM, 2021; 3625."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"573","volume-title":"Quantitative analysis of energy metabolism in human muscle using SLOOP 31P-MR-spectroscopy","author":"Beer M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Beer M, Schneider C, K\u00f6stler H, et al. Quantitative analysis of energy metabolism in human muscle using SLOOP 31P-MR-spectroscopy. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2002, pp.573\u2013578."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"Accelerated spatially-encoded MRS of arbitrarily-shaped compartments using linear algebraic modeling","author":"Bottomley PA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bottomley PA, Zhang Y. Accelerated spatially-encoded MRS of arbitrarily-shaped compartments using linear algebraic modeling. Handbook of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo: MRS theory, practice and applications, 2016, p.163.","journal-title":"Handbook of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo: MRS theory, practice and applications"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2013.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507082607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.5901.2013413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517745725"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2015-006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2012.683479"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859500100306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135245850100700409"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.Supplement_1.S79"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.5.962"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000168837.87351.1f"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.1241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2006.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2007.00066.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5265-09.2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2015.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514544537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4077-15.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612912"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X20909045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Metabolic imaging with deuterium labeled substrates","volume":"134","author":"Low JCM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Low JCM, Wright AJ, Hesse F, et al. Metabolic imaging with deuterium labeled substrates. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 2023; 134: 39\u201351.","journal-title":"Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4314"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2017.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1325458"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4950"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4235"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2021.3101149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613345114"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0271678X261437569","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0271678X261437569","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0271678X261437569","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:17:03Z","timestamp":1785928623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0271678X261437569"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0271678X261437569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678x261437569","relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-678X","1559-7016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-678X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-7016","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]]}}}