{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:34:47Z","timestamp":1793140487314,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. While the primary injury is defined by mechanical tissue disruption, the progression of secondary brain injury is largely driven by robust neuroinflammatory cascades initiated by blood derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Among the key mediators of this response, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has emerged as a central regulator. TLR4 activation in microglia triggers downstream signaling through both MyD88 and TRIF dependent pathways, driving the production of pro inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. Additionally, non-canonical regulation of TLR4 by Lyn kinase introduces a critical modulatory mechanism that can shift microglial responses between inflammatory and phagocytic phenotypes in a sex dependent manner. Beyond hemorrhagic stroke, TLR4 mediated neuroinflammation also plays a significant role in the progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging therapeutic strategies targeting TLR4 and its downstream signaling components including small molecules, natural compounds, aptamers, and TLR4\u2013Lyn interaction modulators demonstrate promising potential in attenuating neuroinflammation and improving neurological outcomes. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms of TLR4 signaling in neuroinflammation and underscores its translational relevance as a therapeutic target in both acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x261468877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T04:20:59Z","timestamp":1783138859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) in neuroinflammation: From acute hemorrhagic stroke to chronic neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Hadi H","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooper Medical School of Rowan University (CMSRU), Camden, NJ, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooper Medical School of Rowan University (CMSRU), Camden, NJ, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rezwanul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooper Medical School of Rowan University (CMSRU), Camden, NJ, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooper Medical School of Rowan University (CMSRU), Camden, NJ, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5979-1367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid A","family":"Hanafy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooper Medical School of Rowan University (CMSRU), Camden, NJ, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241308142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00369-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930251404243"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.037332"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00388"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2019.02236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-022-01552-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2024.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba3239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173090"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1012512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab329"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12943"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Anaya J-M Shoenfeld Y Rojas-Villarraga A et al. (eds.) Autoimmunity: from bench to bedside. Bogota: El Rosario University Press 2013 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459447\/ (accessed 14 June 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000515594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0584-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00329"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2017.1357719"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02309-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2022.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-01031-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e318193e333"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-83"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.039409"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2008.02010.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00383-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1432609100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012618"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00316"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30829"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30916"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","article-title":"Microglial TLR4\u2013Lyn kinase is a critical regulator of neuroinflammation, A\u03b2 phagocytosis, neuronal damage, and cell survival in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Islam R","year":"2025","unstructured":"Islam R, Choudhary HH, Zhang F, et al. Microglial TLR4\u2013Lyn kinase is a critical regulator of neuroinflammation, A\u03b2 phagocytosis, neuronal damage, and cell survival in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci Rep 2025; 15: Article 11368.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072299"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25698"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000443028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15488"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.548631"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9605894"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-06-857532"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.082100399"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900222"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-2864-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-021-00803-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-013-3343-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.608976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.526129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20220023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611559104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1419689111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00662-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxs114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03656-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1062936X.2018.1431308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-017-0179-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01600-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.12.068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20210725"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502611"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1819"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26787"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-016-0314-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmaa022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(92)90239-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-10-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bau022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx907"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-2254-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605829"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-1472"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-04-082099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-7-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03147.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/16269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.24.8318-8328.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/kinasesphosphatases1010004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1300617110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425911435265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800926R"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","unstructured":"Benjamin R Karsonovich T. Intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island FL: StatPearls Publishing 2026 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK553103\/ (accessed 7 June 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0514-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1388-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.0006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-021-01136-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","article-title":"The role of immune inflammation in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"336","author":"Zhang Z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Fang Y, Lenahan C, et al. The role of immune inflammation in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Exp Neurol 2021; 336: Article 113535.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006486"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.06.097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493017694394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2019.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9642-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001628"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fstro.2023.1256664"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156944"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.046394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1634-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X241237070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","unstructured":"O\u2019Haver C. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Barrow Neurological Institute https:\/\/www.barrowneuro.org\/condition\/subarachnoid-hemorrhage\/ (2024 accessed 7 June 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17040497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/384342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200914161231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78443"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0709-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16035028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1360605"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3720"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2019.1709845"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","article-title":"Resveratrol attenuates acute inflammatory injury in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats via inhibition of TLR4 pathway","volume":"17","author":"Zhang X-S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang X-S, Li W, Wu Q, et al. Resveratrol attenuates acute inflammatory injury in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats via inhibition of TLR4 pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17: Article 1331.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15851"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-024-01243-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2020.1752182"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00309-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-021-09524-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01738-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172775"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47273-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666151208113700"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00309"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2022.114291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104843"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-00597-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","article-title":"S100A8 promotes inflammation via Toll-like receptor 4 after experimental traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"He G-Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"He G-Y, Zhao C-H, Wu D-G, et al. S100A8 promotes inflammation via Toll-like receptor 4 after experimental traumatic brain injury. Front Neurosci 2020; 14: Article 616559.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2014.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03425-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0328-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1744031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00978"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.619626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","article-title":"Dual impact of neuroinflammation on cognitive and motor impairments in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Fakorede S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fakorede S, Lateef OM, Garuba WA, et al. Dual impact of neuroinflammation on cognitive and motor impairments in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2025; 9: Article 25424823251341870.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03188.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.08.047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000110455"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15111629"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3158-09.2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2451-17.2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22437"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.08.718"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0231-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3A0114-005RR"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.794563"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_179_2","article-title":"Acacetin inhibits activation of microglia to improve neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage through the PERK signaling pathway mediated autophagy","volume":"43","author":"Liu Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu Y, Tang J, Hou Y, et al. Acacetin inhibits activation of microglia to improve neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage through the PERK signaling pathway mediated autophagy. Hum Exp Toxicol 2025; 43: Article 09603271241251447.","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1286546"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77671-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_182_2","unstructured":"Chinese University of Hong Kong. A pilot study of curcumin and Ginkgo for treating Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Clinical trial registration NCT00164749 clinicaltrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00164749 (2008 accessed 14 March 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.114819"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2018-0269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2024.149235"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.111087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2017.1297367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_188_2","article-title":"Tetrandrine enhances cognition in SAH rats via gut microbiota CYP51 and TLR4 signaling","volume":"15","author":"Liu H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu H, Zou Q, Xiang T, et al. Tetrandrine enhances cognition in SAH rats via gut microbiota CYP51 and TLR4 signaling. Sci Rep 2025; 15: Article 39418.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.1660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2022.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1127585"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.303016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-021-00271-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0271678X261468877","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0271678X261468877","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0271678X261468877","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T19:47:44Z","timestamp":1785008864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0271678X261468877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":194,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0271678X261468877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678x261468877","relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-678X","1559-7016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-678X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-7016","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"article-number":"0271678X261468877"}}