{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T16:43:21Z","timestamp":1792341801909,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018890","name":"dutch cardiovascular alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Heart-Brain Connection crossroads"},{"name":"Dutch Heart Foundation","award":["CVON 2012-06. LMO, GJB and EEB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CVON 2012-06. LMO, GJB and EEB"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"zonmw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#10510032120003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#10510032120003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010969","name":"alzheimer nederland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WE.03-2024-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WE.03-2024-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010969","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and small vessel disease (SVD) involve interconnected factors influencing multiple outcomes, also beyond cognitive decline. Bayesian networks (BNs) can help unravel these complex interrelations, which we demonstrate in this proof-of-concept study in the Heart-Brain Connection cohort, including memory-clinic patients with SVD, patients with heart failure, carotid occlusive disease, and reference participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We trained BNs and jointly modelled cognitive decline (Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) increase) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) over 5\u2009years as outcomes in relation to multiple demographic and disease factors and emerging imaging and plasma biomarkers, also considering non-random study discontinuation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 566 individuals (median age 68, 64% men), 80 had MACE and 112 experienced CDR increase. Diagnostic group and baseline cognition were key determinants of both outcomes. The BN identified baseline clinical severity as a non-random study discontinuation source. Plasma biomarkers formed an interconnected subnetwork, linked to demographic and vascular factors, but without direct dependencies with outcomes. The trained BN provides individualized inference under partial evidence, informing on outcome probabilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This proof-of-concept study demonstrates how BNs quantify and visualize the dependency structure underlying prognostic heterogeneity in VCI and SVD, including non-random study discontinuation and positioning of emerging biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x261496217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:49:50Z","timestamp":1790927390000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bayesian networks to estimate prognosis in vascular cognitive impairment and small vessel disease: Integrated analyses of interdependent contributors to multiple outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7086-0864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malin","family":"Overmars","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cor","family":"Allaart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther E","family":"Bron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Brunner La Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0759-8407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"de Bresser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majon","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section Geriatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The 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