{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:41:35Z","timestamp":1777916495287,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Malaya Faculty Research Grant","award":["GPF007P-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GPF007P-2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Q Community Health Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The private sector is playing an increasingly important role in family planning services globally. The active participation of private providers is associated with a higher contraceptive prevalence rate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the differentials and determinants of the utilization of private providers for family planning services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study used the 2014 Malaysian Population and Family Survey data. Cross-tabulations and logistic regression were performed on 1,817 current users of modern methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 26% of modern method users obtained their supplies from private clinics\/pharmacies and 15.2% from other sources, such as drug stores and sundry shops. The odds of utilizing the private sector for family planning services differ significantly across regions and socio-economic groups. The odds of obtaining supply from the private clinics\/pharmacies were higher among the Chinese and urban women (AOR\u2009&gt;\u20091), and it was lower among those from the eastern region (AOR\u2009=\u20090.47, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.30\u20130.73). Non-Bumiputera, urban, higher educated, and working women, and those whose husbands decided on family planning had higher odds of obtaining the supply from the other sources (AOR\u2009&gt;\u20091).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The private sector complements and supplements the public sector in providing family planning services to the public.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0272684x20972864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T01:23:06Z","timestamp":1604971386000},"page":"395-403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Utilization of Private Sector Family Planning Services in Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9945-9986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siow Li","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nai Peng","family":"Tey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adzmel","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population and Family Research Division, National Population and Family Development Board, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najihah","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population and Family Research Division, National Population and Family Development Board, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bongaarts J, Cleland J, Townsend JW, et\u00a0al.\n                      Family planning programs for the 21st century: rationale and design\n                      : The Population Council; 2012.","DOI":"10.31899\/rh11.1017"},{"key":"bibr2-0272684X20972864","unstructured":"Sonfield A, Hasstedt K, Kavanaugh ML, et\u00a0al.\n                      The social and economic benefits of women\u2019s ability to determine whether and when to have children\n                      . New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2013."},{"key":"bibr3-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205927"},{"key":"bibr4-0272684X20972864","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.\n                      World contraceptive use 2020.\n                      San Francisco: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2020."},{"key":"bibr5-0272684X20972864","unstructured":"United Nations.\n                      Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development.\n                      San Francisco: United Nations, 2015."},{"key":"bibr6-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/3207106"},{"key":"bibr7-0272684X20972864","unstructured":"Winfrey W, Heaton L, Fox T, et\u00a0al.\n                      Factors influencing the growth of the commercial sector in family planning service provision\n                      , Washington, DC: The POLICY Project; 2000."},{"key":"bibr8-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czr027"},{"key":"bibr9-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-6951-7"},{"key":"bibr10-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/11.2.142"},{"key":"bibr11-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20160919"},{"key":"bibr12-0272684X20972864","volume-title":"Marketizing education and health in developing countries: miracle or mirage?","author":"Mills A.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr13-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Bank.\n                      World\n                      development report 1993: investing in health\n                      . New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-1952-0890-0"},{"key":"bibr14-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization.\n                      The world health report 2006: working together for health.\n                      Geneva: WHO, 2006.","DOI":"10.30875\/5b142cc2-en"},{"key":"bibr15-0272684X20972864","unstructured":"Ministry of Immigration and Population, Department of Population.\n                      Country report on 2007: fertility and reproductive health survey\n                      . Nay Pyi Taw: Ministry of Immigration and Population, Department of Population, 2009"},{"key":"bibr16-0272684X20972864","unstructured":"National Population and Family Planning Board (BKKBN), Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Ministry of Health (Kemenkes), et\u00a0al.\n                      Indonesia demographic and health survey 2017\n                      . Jakarta: BKKBN, BPS, Kemenkes, and ICF, 2018."},{"key":"bibr17-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12597"},{"key":"bibr18-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-018-0763-7"},{"key":"bibr19-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3088260"},{"key":"bibr20-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.0862"},{"key":"bibr21-0272684X20972864","first-page":"S3","volume":"63","author":"Khan AA","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr22-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30541\/v35i1pp.1-22"},{"key":"bibr23-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12546-016-9177-9"},{"key":"bibr24-0272684X20972864","unstructured":"Weinberger M, Callahan S.\n                      The private sector: key to achieving family planning 2020 goals.\n                      Bethesda, Sustaining Health Outcomes through the Private Sector Project, Abt Associates, 2017."},{"key":"bibr25-0272684X20972864","unstructured":"Nair PS, Feeney G, Mishra VK, et\u00a0al.\n                      Factors affecting source of family planning services in India\n                      . Mumbai, India and Honolulu, Hawaii, International Institute for Population Sciences and East-West Center, Population and Health Studies, 1999."},{"key":"bibr26-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2549561"},{"key":"bibr27-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2008.03.009"},{"key":"bibr28-0272684X20972864","unstructured":"United Nations Population Fund.\n                      Global survey ICPD beyond 2014 Malaysia country report\n                      . Kuala Lumpur: United Nations Population Fund, 2012."},{"key":"bibr29-0272684X20972864","volume-title":"Malaysia health system review","author":"World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr30-0272684X20972864","unstructured":"DOSM.\n                      Social statistics bulletin, Malaysia\n                      . 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Kuala Lumpur: NPFDB, 2016."},{"key":"bibr33-0272684X20972864","first-page":"28","volume":"21","author":"Makmor T","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Health Transl Med"},{"key":"bibr34-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2014.02.130246"},{"key":"bibr35-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31899\/rh4.1007"},{"key":"bibr36-0272684X20972864","first-page":"11","volume":"7","author":"Leoprapai B.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Warasan Prachakon Lae Sangkhom"},{"key":"bibr37-0272684X20972864","volume-title":"Fostering public-private partnerships to improve access to family planning in Rwanda","author":"Pandit-Rajani T","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr38-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192522"},{"key":"bibr39-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/43e3717"},{"key":"bibr40-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/101053950201400204"},{"key":"bibr41-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2016.00063.x"},{"key":"bibr42-0272684X20972864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892005000600007"},{"key":"bibr43-0272684X20972864","volume-title":"Leveraging private sector primary care providers to increase access to family planning in the Philippines","author":"Apostol G","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr44-0272684X20972864","unstructured":"Kamran I, Niazi R, Parveen T, et\u00a0al.\n                      Improving access to family planning services through the private sector in Pakistan: a stakeholder analysis\n                      . 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