{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:03:54Z","timestamp":1791309834380,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Community Health Equity Research &amp; Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to recent high profile media reported cases of child sexual abuse in Pakistan a serious public concern is observed with a strong punitive public demand rather than proactive and preventive approach as solution. Instead of reactive approach, it is needed to formulate a policy based on valid causal ground for solution of this problem. Purpose of this cross sectional study is to provide a causal ground based on evidence based social ecological model for holistic policy response for addressing issue of CSA. Using ICAST-R, equal number of male and female 274 university students were asked about experience of CSA, re-victimization, age at the time of CSA, perpetrators, disclosure patterns and social support after disclosure of CSA. On the basis of data, evidence based social ecological model was used for explanation of individual, family, societal and institutional factors related to CSA in Pakistan for formulation of effective prevention strategy. According to findings most frequent age at the time of CSA is between 6th to 18th year of age with 9th year as most frequently reported. Experience of CSA was reported more frequently by boys than girls. Peers were identified as highest reported perpetrators and majority of the perpetrators were known to the child. Instead of reactive and punitive approach towards issue of CSA it is needed to formulate a policy based on social ecological factors of society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0272684x211013151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:37:29Z","timestamp":1619570249000},"page":"219-228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Child Sexual Abuse in Pakistan: Using Evidence Based Social Ecological Model for Explanation and Policy Formulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1947-5770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Saleem","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Department, Govt. Kot Khawaja Saeed Teaching Hospital, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahira","family":"Jabeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Work Department, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0272684X211013151","volume-title":"Cruel numbers 2018: a compilation of statistics on child sexual abuse cases","author":"Sahil","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr2-0272684X211013151","volume-title":"Cruel numbers 2019: a compilation of statistics on child sexual abuse cases","author":"Sahil","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr3-0272684X211013151","first-page":"159","volume":"5","author":"Jabeen T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak J Criminol"},{"key":"bibr4-0272684X211013151","unstructured":"Bilal R. 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NA passes contentious resolution calling for public hanging of child sexual abusers.\n                      Dawn\n                      , 7 February 2020, www.dawn.com\/news\/1533010 (accessed 15 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr10-0272684X211013151","volume-title":"The Kasur incident of child abuse: a fact funding report for analyzing state of child protection in Pakistan","author":"Mustafa A","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr11-0272684X211013151","first-page":"14","volume":"14","author":"Stubbs J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Women Against Viol"},{"key":"bibr12-0272684X211013151","volume-title":"Penal populism and public opinion: lessons from five countries","author":"Roberts J","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr13-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374705"},{"key":"bibr14-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.0.0035"},{"key":"bibr15-0272684X211013151","volume-title":"Breaking news on child sexual abuse: early coverage of Penn state","author":"Dorfman L","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr16-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403404270601"},{"key":"bibr17-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2380040108"},{"key":"bibr18-0272684X211013151","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Violence against women in families and relationships","author":"Post LA","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr19-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0072.1980.tb01266.x"},{"key":"bibr20-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838017697312"},{"key":"bibr21-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838009334129"},{"key":"bibr22-0272684X211013151","volume-title":"Sexual violence and the spectrum of prevention: towards a community solution","author":"Davis R","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr23-0272684X211013151","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Sexual abuse of young children in Southern Africa","author":"Townsend L","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr24-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845"},{"key":"bibr25-0272684X211013151","volume-title":"Primary prevention of sexual violence: a technical assistance guide for planning and evaluation","author":"Townsend SM.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr26-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.58.6-7.441"},{"key":"bibr27-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4193-6_7"},{"key":"bibr28-0272684X211013151","unstructured":"UN World Health Organization.\n                      INSPIRE: seven strategies for ending violence against children\n                      , www.refworld.org\/docid\/57878f5e4.html (July 2016, accessed 29 November 2019)."},{"key":"bibr29-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.002"},{"key":"bibr30-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.101196"},{"key":"bibr31-0272684X211013151","volume-title":"Situational analysis report on prostitution of boys in Pakistan","author":"ECPAT International and Pakistan Pediatric Association","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr32-0272684X211013151","unstructured":"Raman S, Kadir A, Seth R, et\u00a0al. Violence against children of the world: Burden, consequences and recommendations for action, www.pediatriasocial.es\/HtmlRes\/Files\/issop_position_statement_9.pdf (2012, accessed 15 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr33-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.010"},{"key":"bibr34-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bch309"},{"key":"bibr35-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-6988.2006.tb00112.x"},{"key":"bibr36-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272684X19861578"},{"key":"bibr37-0272684X211013151","volume-title":"Sexual abuse and exploitation of boys in South Asia: a review of research findings, legislation, policy and programme responses","author":"Frederick J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr38-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.07.005"},{"key":"bibr39-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2010.522493"},{"key":"bibr40-0272684X211013151","first-page":"125","volume":"29","author":"Jabeen T.","year":"2014","journal-title":"South Asian Stud"},{"key":"bibr41-0272684X211013151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.09.012"},{"key":"bibr42-0272684X211013151","unstructured":"NGO\u2019s Coalition on Child Rights. 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