{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T20:32:26Z","timestamp":1779136346957,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Decis Making"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. The Affordable Care Act allows uninsured individuals to select health insurance from numerous private plans, a challenging decision-making process. This study examined the effectiveness of strategies to support health insurance decisions among the uninsured. Methods. Participants ( N = 343) from urban, suburban, and rural areas were randomized to 1 of 3 conditions: 1) a plain language table; 2) a visual condition where participants chose what information to view and in what order; and 3) a narrative condition. We administered measures assessing knowledge (true\/false responses about key features of health insurance), confidence in choices (uncertainty subscale of the Decisional Conflict Scale), satisfaction (items from the Health Information National Trends Survey), preferences for insurance features (measured on a Likert scale from not at all important to very important), and plan choice. Results. Although we did not find significant differences in knowledge, confidence in choice, or satisfaction across condition, participants across conditions made value-consistent choices, selecting plans that aligned with their preferences for key insurance features. In addition, those with adequate health literacy skills as measured by the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine-Short Form (REALM-SF) had higher knowledge overall ([Formula: see text] = 6.1 v. 4.8, P &lt; 0.001) and preferred the plain language table to the visual ( P = 0.04) and visual to narrative ( P = 0.0002) conditions, while those with inadequate health literacy skills showed no preference for study condition. A similar pattern was seen for those with higher subjective numeracy skills and higher versus lower education with regard to health insurance knowledge. Individuals with higher income felt less confident in their choices ([Formula: see text] = 28.7 v. 10.0, where higher numbers indicate less confidence\/more uncertainty; P = 0.004). Conclusions. Those developing materials about the health insurance marketplace to support health insurance decisions might consider starting with plain language tables, presenting health insurance terminology in context, and organizing information according to ways the uninsured might use and value insurance features. Individuals with limited health literacy and numeracy skills and those with lower education face unique challenges selecting health insurance and weighing tradeoffs between cost and coverage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989x15578635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,3]],"date-time":"2015-04-03T21:32:54Z","timestamp":1428096774000},"page":"911-922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A Randomized Trial Examining Three Strategies for Supporting Health Insurance Decisions among the Uninsured"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Mary C.","family":"Politi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (MCP, KAK, JEL, HP, KF)"},{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, St. Louis, MO (KF, MWK, TM)"},{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, St. Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, St. Louis, MO (ES)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Kaphingst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (MCP, KAK, JEL, HP, KF)"},{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, St. Louis, MO (KF, MWK, TM)"},{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, St. Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, St. Louis, MO (ES)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingxia (Esther)","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (MCP, KAK, JEL, HP, KF)"},{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, St. Louis, MO (KF, MWK, TM)"},{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, St. Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, St. Louis, MO (ES)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (MCP, KAK, JEL, HP, KF)"},{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, St. Louis, MO (KF, MWK, TM)"},{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, St. Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, St. Louis, MO (ES)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karishma","family":"Furtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (MCP, KAK, JEL, HP, KF)"},{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, St. Louis, MO (KF, MWK, TM)"},{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, St. Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, St. Louis, MO (ES)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Kreuter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (MCP, KAK, JEL, HP, KF)"},{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, St. Louis, MO (KF, MWK, TM)"},{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, St. Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, St. Louis, MO (ES)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enbal","family":"Shacham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (MCP, KAK, JEL, HP, KF)"},{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, St. Louis, MO (KF, MWK, TM)"},{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, St. Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, St. Louis, MO (ES)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (MCP, KAK, JEL, HP, KF)"},{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, St. Louis, MO (KF, MWK, TM)"},{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, St. Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, St. Louis, MO (ES)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0272989X15578635","unstructured":"Jost T. Implementing health reform: a summary health insurance marketplace enrollment report. Available from: URL: http:\/\/healthaffairs.org\/blog\/2014\/05\/01\/implementing-health-reform-a-summary-health-insurance-marketplace-enrollment-report\/"},{"key":"bibr2-0272989X15578635","unstructured":"Becker AL. Latest Obamacare confusion: exchange plan provider network. Available from: URL: http:\/\/ctmirror.org\/latest-obamacare-confusion-exchange-plan-provider-networks\/"},{"key":"bibr3-0272989X15578635","unstructured":"Merritt M. Health insurance exchange confusion hinders patient sign ups. Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.physicianspractice.com\/blog\/health-insurance-exchange-confusion-hinders-patient-sign-ups#sthash.LrnUn6Al.dpuf"},{"key":"bibr4-0272989X15578635","unstructured":"Gorman A. Patients struggle to learn the language of health insurance. 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