{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:44:42Z","timestamp":1782474282477,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Decis Making"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) only consider outcomes for a single disease when comparing interventions that prevent or treat 1 disease (e.g., vaccination) to interventions that prevent or treat multiple diseases (e.g., vector control to prevent mosquito-borne diseases). An intervention targeted to a single disease may be preferred to a broader intervention in a single-disease model, but this conclusion might change if outcomes from the additional diseases were included. However, multidisease models are often complex and difficult to construct.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We present conditions for when multiple diseases should be considered in such a CEA. We propose methods for estimating health outcomes and costs associated with control of additional diseases using parallel single-disease models. Parallel modeling can incorporate competing mortality and coinfection from multiple diseases while maintaining model simplicity. We illustrate our approach with a CEA that compares a dengue vaccine, a chikungunya vaccine, and mosquito control via insecticide and mosquito nets, which can prevent dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The parallel models and the multidisease model generated similar estimates of disease incidence and deaths with much less complexity. When using this method in our case study, considering only chikungunya and dengue, the preferred strategy was insecticide. A broader strategy\u2014insecticide plus long-lasting insecticide-treated nets\u2014was not preferred when Zika and yellow fever were included, suggesting the conclusion is robust even without the explicit inclusion of all affected diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parallel modeling assumes independent probabilities of infection for each disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When multidisease effects are important, our parallel modeling method can be used to model multiple diseases accurately while avoiding additional complexity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989x211033287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T05:16:13Z","timestamp":1628658973000},"page":"436-449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessing Interventions That Prevent Multiple Infectious Diseases: Simple Methods for Multidisease Modeling"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2280-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anneke L.","family":"Claypool","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy D.","family":"Goldhaber-Fiebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Health Policy, Centers for Health Policy and Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret L.","family":"Brandeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0272989X211033287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.12195"},{"key":"bibr2-0272989X211033287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X19880554"},{"key":"bibr3-0272989X211033287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X16658661"},{"key":"bibr4-0272989X211033287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.013"},{"key":"bibr5-0272989X211033287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010086"},{"key":"bibr6-0272989X211033287","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization. Reported cases of Zika virus in the Americas. 2018. Available from: http:\/\/www.paho.org\/data\/index.php\/en\/?option=com_content&view=article&id=524:zika-weekly-en&Itemid=352"},{"key":"bibr7-0272989X211033287","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization. Epidemiological alert: yellow fever. December 31, 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/hq\/dmdocuments\/2017\/2015-dec-31-cha-yellow-fever-epi-alert.pdf"},{"key":"bibr8-0272989X211033287","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization. Epidemiological update: yellow fever. August 2, 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/hq\/dmdocuments\/2017\/2017-ago-2-phe-epi-update-yellow-fever.pdf"},{"key":"bibr9-0272989X211033287","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization. Epidemiological alert: yellow fever. January 9, 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/hq\/dmdocuments\/2017\/2017-jan-9-phe-epi-alert-yellow-fever.pdf"},{"key":"bibr10-0272989X211033287","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global vector control response 2017\u20132030. 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/vector-control\/publications\/global-control-response\/en\/"},{"key":"bibr11-0272989X211033287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-2238"},{"key":"bibr12-0272989X211033287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00562-6"},{"key":"bibr13-0272989X211033287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1091-x"},{"key":"bibr14-0272989X211033287","volume":"20","author":"Kieffer A","year":"2019","journal-title":"Value Health Reg Issues"},{"key":"bibr15-0272989X211033287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-9-1"},{"key":"bibr16-0272989X211033287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)00028-X"},{"key":"bibr17-0272989X211033287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0386"},{"key":"bibr18-0272989X211033287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004743"},{"key":"bibr19-0272989X211033287","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO methods and data sources for global burden of disease estimates 2000\u20132015. 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/global_burden_disease\/GlobalDALYmethods_2000_2015.pdf"}],"container-title":["Medical Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0272989X211033287","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0272989X211033287","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0272989X211033287","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:01:20Z","timestamp":1777658480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0272989X211033287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0272989X211033287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0272989x211033287","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-989X","1552-681X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-989X","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-681X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]}}}