{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:50:42Z","timestamp":1777917042102,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740182400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740182400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000264","name":"canadian liver foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canadian Network on Hepatitis C"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Decis Making"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with reduced quality of life and health utility. It is unclear whether this is primarily due to HCV infection itself or commonly co-occurring patient characteristics such as low income and mental health issues. This study aims to estimate and separate the effects of HCV infection on health utility from the effects of clinical and sociodemographic factors using real-world population-level data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective cohort study to estimate health utilities in people with and without HCV infection in Ontario, Canada, from 2000 to 2014 using linked survey data from the Canadian Community Health Survey and health administrative data. Utilities were derived from the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 instrument. We used propensity score matching and multivariable linear regression to examine the impact of HCV infection on utility scores while adjusting for clinical and sociodemographic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 7,102 individuals with hepatitis C status and health utility data available (506 HCV-positive, 6,596 HCV-negative). Factors associated with marginalization were more prevalent in the HCV-positive cohort (e.g., household income &lt;$20,000: 36% versus 15%). Propensity score matching resulted in 454 matched pairs of HCV-positive and HCV-negative individuals. HCV-positive individuals had substantially lower unadjusted utilities than HCV-negative individuals did (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard error: 0.662\u2009\u00b1\u20090.016 versus 0.734\u2009\u00b1\u20090.015). The regression model showed that HCV positivity (coefficient: \u22120.066), age, comorbidity, mental health history, and household income had large impacts on health utility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HCV infection is associated with low health utility even after controlling for clinical and sociodemographic variables. Individuals with HCV infection may benefit from additional social services and supports alongside antiviral therapy to improve their quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with reduced quality of life and health utility. There is debate in the literature on whether this is primarily due to HCV infection itself or commonly co-occurring patient characteristics such as low income and mental health issues.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>We showed that individuals with HCV infection have substantially lower health utilities than uninfected individuals do even after controlling for clinical and sociodemographic variables, based on a large, real-world population-level dataset. Socioeconomically marginalized individuals with HCV infection had particularly low health utilities.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>In addition to improving access to HCV testing and treatment, it may be beneficial to provide social services such as mental health and financial supports to improve the quality of life and health utility of people living with HCV.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989x251319342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T07:27:21Z","timestamp":1740209241000},"page":"332-343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Health Utilities in People with Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Study Using Real-World Population-Level Data"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9579-5026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin A.","family":"Saeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9041-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Mitsakakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordan J.","family":"Feld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murray D.","family":"Krahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Kwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William W. 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