{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T07:32:06Z","timestamp":1793259126401,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006419","name":"EuroQol Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EQ Project 416-RA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQ Project 416-RA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006419","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Decis Making"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The EQ-5D-Y-3L is a widely used instrument for valuing health states in pediatric populations. Previous studies have shown that composite time tradeoff (cTTO) utilities tend to be higher when adults value health states from a 10-year-old child\u2019s perspective than from their own. In this study, we applied construal level theory (CLT) to examine whether variations in psychological distance can explain these differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted online cTTO interviews with 150 adults in the United Kingdom, valuing 4 health states using perspectives that experimentally combine high and low psychological distance across all 4 dimensions of psychological distance defined in CLT (social, temporal, spatial, and hypothetical). Using a Bayesian hierarchical analysis, we investigated how each dimension influences the mean, variance, and data quality of EQ-5D-Y-3L utilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results indicate cTTO utilities were higher at greater levels of aggregated psychological distance (\u03b2 = 0.02, 95% credible interval [CrI] [0.01, 0.03]), while residual variance remained stable. Each dimension of psychological distance showed a unique association with cTTO utilities, with hypothetical (\u03b2 = 0.05, 95% CrI [0.02, 0.08]) and temporal distance (\u03b2 = 0.04, 95% CrI [0.01, 0.07]) positively associated and spatial distance (\u03b2 = \u22120.03, 95% CrI [\u22120.06, 0.00]) showing a small negative association with cTTO utilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, the utility difference between adult and child perspectives in EQ-5D-Y-3L valuation may partially be explained by psychological distance. Future research could explore ways to minimize or account for psychological distance effects, such as refining the wording of perspective descriptions in valuation tasks, to ensure greater clarity and consistency in responses.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>JEL Classification:<\/jats:bold>\n                      I10\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989x261462936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:47:12Z","timestamp":1785131232000},"page":"1012-1023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Employing Psychological Distance to Explain Perspective-Specific EQ-5D-Y-3L Health State Valuation: A Bayesian Hierarchical Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2399-6942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongyu","family":"Lang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus School of Health Policy &amp; Management, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3607-6579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur E.","family":"Attema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Erasmus School of Health Policy &amp; Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8784-9650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan A.","family":"Lipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Erasmus School of Health Policy &amp; Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-016-0389-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-020-01195-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-019-02121-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-010-9648-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-020-00994-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-022-01192-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-020-00909-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-016-0404-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0121(76)90036-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2018.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-019-00873-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.11.1377"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-022-01202-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-021-01377-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3165"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-020-01205-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-021-01858-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-026-01589-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-025-01493-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2018.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-022-01466-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020319"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.135.4.609"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2005.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12601"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913367.2014.967425"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1057-7408(07)70014-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcs.12313"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1057-7408(07)70013-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-023-01612-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-019-00811-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","unstructured":"Trzebi\u0144ski W Lipman SA Jakubczyk M. Adults\u2019 cTTO valuation EQ-5D-Y-3L health states: exploring the role of child perspectives psychological distance adults\u2019 parental status and their sociocultural characteristics. EsCHER Working Paper No. 2025007 November 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","unstructured":"Statista. Demographics of the UK; [accessed 2024 July 3]. www.statistica.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2014.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.131.3.364"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2020.102318"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4157.1124"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-020-00884-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-015-0971-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-022-01143-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115227"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794115577011"}],"container-title":["Medical Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0272989X261462936","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0272989X261462936","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0272989X261462936","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:41:06Z","timestamp":1793256066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0272989X261462936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0272989X261462936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0272989x261462936","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-989X","1552-681X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-989X","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-681X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]}}}