{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:56:02Z","timestamp":1777715762819,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]],"date-time":"2000-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":962409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Robotics Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past three decades, tactile sensing has developed into a sophisticated technology. There has been a longstanding and widely held expectation that tactile sensors would have a major impact on industrial robotics and automation. However, this promise has not been realized, and few, if any, tactile sensors can be found in factory-based applications. Has this technology failed to deliver its expected benefits to robotics applications, or have other factors influenced the development of the field? In this paper, I report on the state of the art and show that tactile sensing has undergone a major change of direction. I revisit the original predictions and expectations, examine the implications of recent reviews, and show how the field has altered course. From current activities and recent trends, I determine the nature of new application areas and pressing developments that hold much promise for the future. There is evidence that tactile sensing will soon play a major role in unstructured environments, particularly in areas such as medicine and surgery, health-care and service robotics, and automated natural product handling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/027836490001900702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,17]],"date-time":"2004-12-17T20:23:10Z","timestamp":1103314990000},"page":"636-643","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Tactile Sensing: New Directions, New Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mark H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Intelligent Systems, Department of Computer Science,                         University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohn, M. 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