{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:59:21Z","timestamp":1777715961027,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,1]],"date-time":"2003-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1057017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Robotics Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper we present a new method to guide mobile robots. An eye-control device based on electro-oculography (EOG) is designed to develop a system for assisted mobility. Control is made by means eye movements detected using electro-oculographic potential. Using an inverse eye model, the saccadic eye movements can be detected and know where the user is looking. This control technique can be useful in multiple applications, but in this work it is used to guide a wheelchair for helping people with severe disabilities. The system consists of a standard electric wheelchair, an on-board computer, sensors and a graphical user interface. Finally, we comment on some experimental results and conclusions about electro-oculographic guidance using ocular commands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/02783649030227012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,27]],"date-time":"2003-08-27T00:43:34Z","timestamp":1061945014000},"page":"641-652","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Electro-Oculographic Guidance of a Wheelchair Using Eye Movements Codification"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Barea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department University of Alcala Campus Universitario s\/n                        28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares Madrid, Spain,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Boquete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department University of Alcala Campus Universitario s\/n                        28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. M.","family":"Bergasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department University of Alcala Campus Universitario s\/n                        28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department University of Alcala Campus Universitario s\/n                        28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Mazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department University of Alcala Campus Universitario s\/n                        28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"ActivMedia Robotics. 2000. http:\/\/www.robots.activmedia.com."},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Akay, M. 1994. Biomedical Signal Processing. Academic, New York ."},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"ANDABOT. 2002. Implementaci\u00f3n de un andador para personas discapacitadas basado en un robot aut\u00f3nomo inteligente, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1 (Project no UAH2002\/020)."},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Barea, R., Boquete, L., Mazo, M., and L\u00f3pez, E. July 1999. Guidance of a wheelchair using electrooculography . In Proceeding of the 3rd IMACS International Multiconference on Circuits, Systems, Communications and Computers (CSCC'99)."},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"Barea, R., Boquete, L., Mazo, M., L\u00f3pez, E., and Bergasa, L.M. July 2000a. Help to the mobility and the communication by means of ocular movements . In Proceeding of TELEC 2000, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba."},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Barea, R., Boquete, L., Mazo, M., and L\u00f3pez, E. August 2000b. EOG technique to guide a wheelchair . 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Eye Movement-Based Human-Computer Interaction Techniques: Toward Non-Command Interfaces. Human-Computer Interaction Lab. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC ."},{"key":"atypb13","unstructured":"Lahoud, J. A., and Cleveland, D. 1994. The Eyegaze Eyetracking System. LC Technologies, Inc. In 4th Annual IEEE Dual-Use Technologies and Applications Conference."},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazo, M.et al. (Research Group of the SIAMO Project).2001. The SIAMO Project: Integral System for Assisted Mobility . IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine 7: 46-56 .","DOI":"10.1109\/100.924361"},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"Nicolau, M.C., Burcet, J., and Rial, R.V. 1995. Manual de t\u00e9cnicas de Electrofisiolog\u00eda cl\u0144ica, University of Islas Baleares ."},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"PIROGAUCE. 2001. 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