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Insects, being perhaps more reliant on image motion cues than mammals or                higher vertebrates, are proving to be an excellent organism in which to investigate                how information on optic flow is exploited to guide locomotion and navigation. We                have observed how bees perform grazing landings on a flat surface and have deduced                the algorithmic basis for the behavior. A smooth landing is achieved by a                surprisingly simple and elegant strategy: image velocity is held constant as the                surface is approached, thus automatically ensuring that flight speed is close to                zero at touchdown. No explicit knowledge of flight speed or height above the ground                is necessary. The feasibility of this landing strategy was tested by implementation                in a robotic gantry. We also outline our current efforts at exploring the                applicability of this and related techniques to the guidance of uninhabited airborne                vehicles (UAVs). Aspects of the algorithm were tested on a small UAV using real                imagery to control descent rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364904041320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,27]],"date-time":"2004-05-27T09:25:01Z","timestamp":1085649901000},"page":"101-110","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Landing Strategies in Honeybees and Applications to Uninhabited Airborne Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"J. S.","family":"Chahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guidance and Control Group,Weapons Systems Division, Australian Defence Science and Technology Organization, Edinburgh, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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