{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T20:43:21Z","timestamp":1781124201197,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]],"date-time":"2012-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Robotics Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We present a new approach to motion planning under sensing and motion uncertainty by computing a locally optimal solution to a continuous partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). Our approach represents beliefs (the distributions of the robot\u2019s state estimate) by Gaussian distributions and is applicable to robot systems with non-linear dynamics and observation models. The method follows the general POMDP solution framework in which we approximate the belief dynamics using an extended Kalman filter and represent the value function by a quadratic function that is valid in the vicinity of a nominal trajectory through belief space. Using a belief space variant of iterative LQG (iLQG), our approach iterates with second-order convergence towards a linear control policy over the belief space that is locally optimal with respect to a user-defined cost function. Unlike previous work, our approach does not assume maximum-likelihood observations, does not assume fixed estimator or control gains, takes into account obstacles in the environment, and does not require discretization of the state and action spaces. The running time of the algorithm is polynomial (O[n\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    ]) in the dimension n of the state space. We demonstrate the potential of our approach in simulation for holonomic and non-holonomic robots maneuvering through environments with obstacles with noisy and partial sensing and with non-linear dynamics and observation models.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364912456319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,11]],"date-time":"2012-09-11T17:44:24Z","timestamp":1347385464000},"page":"1263-1278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":230,"title":["Motion planning under uncertainty using iterative local optimization in belief space"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Jur","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, University of Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Alterovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17452-0_11"},{"key":"bibr2-0278364912456319","volume-title":"Dynamic Programming and Optimal Control","author":"Bertsekas D","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr3-0278364912456319","volume-title":"Practical Methods for Optimal Control Using Nonlinear Programming","author":"Betts JT","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr4-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2006.05.007"},{"key":"bibr5-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5980508"},{"key":"bibr6-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5979695"},{"key":"bibr7-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2010.5509278"},{"key":"bibr8-0278364912456319","first-page":"160","volume-title":"26th conference on uncertainty in artificial intelligence (UAI 2010)","author":"Erez T","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr9-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17452-0_12"},{"key":"bibr10-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2009.5152607"},{"key":"bibr11-0278364912456319","volume-title":"Differential Dynamic Programming","author":"Jacobson D","year":"1970"},{"key":"bibr12-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2003.823141"},{"key":"bibr13-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02783640122067453"},{"key":"bibr14-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/9.86943"},{"key":"bibr15-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207170701364913"},{"key":"bibr16-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(98)00023-X"},{"key":"bibr17-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurniawati H, Hsu D, Lee W (2008) SARSOP: Efficient point-based POMDP planning by approximating optimally reachable belief spaces. In: Robotics: science and systems IV (ed Brock O, Trinkle J, Ramos F), Zurich, Switzerland, 25\u201328 June 2008. Cambridge: MIT Press. http:\/\/www.roboticsproceedings.org\/rss04\/p9.html","DOI":"10.15607\/RSS.2008.IV.009"},{"key":"bibr18-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364910369861"},{"key":"bibr19-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/moor.12.3.441"},{"key":"bibr20-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Platt R, Tedrake R, Kaelbling L, Lozano-Perez T (2010) Belief space planning assuming maximum likelihood observations. In: Matsuoka Y, Durrant-Whyte H, Neira J (eds), Robotics: science and systems VI, Zaragoza, Spain, 27\u201330 June 2010. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA. http:\/\/www.roboticsproceedings.org\/rss06\/p37.html","DOI":"10.15607\/RSS.2010.VI.037"},{"key":"bibr21-0278364912456319","first-page":"2329","volume":"7","author":"Porta J","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"bibr22-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364909341659"},{"key":"bibr23-0278364912456319","first-page":"1064","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","volume":"12","author":"Thrun S","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr24-0278364912456319","volume-title":"Probabilistic Robotics","author":"Thrun S","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr25-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2005.1469949"},{"key":"bibr26-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364911406562"},{"key":"bibr27-0278364912456319","volume-title":"15th international symposium on robotics research (ISRR 2011)","author":"van den Berg J","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr28-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5980408"},{"key":"bibr29-0278364912456319","volume-title":"26th AAAI conference on artificial intelligence","author":"van den Berg J","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr30-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5980257"},{"key":"bibr31-0278364912456319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-7539-4_10"},{"key":"bibr32-0278364912456319","unstructured":"Welch G, Bishop G (2006). 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