{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T09:09:51Z","timestamp":1764493791234,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,11]],"date-time":"2013-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Robotics Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) can be viewed as self-propelled natural microrobots. These bacterial microrobots can be remotely controlled using magnetic fields due to their internal chain of iron-oxide nanoparticles acting like a compass needle. This internal chain enables them to adopt a magnetotactic behavior that can be exploited to perform a variety of microscale tasks from microassembly and micro-manufacturing to the delivery through microvascular networks of therapeutic agents to tumors. To effectively support these applications, three-dimensional (3D) aggregations of MTB become essential in order to manipulate and guide the bacteria effectively in the human microvasculature to deliver a predefined dose of therapeutics. To achieve such aggregations in a 3D volume, time-varying magnetic field sequences were developed enabling us to simulate in time the existence of a magnetic monopole. This article presents and compares three different time-varying magnetic field sequences generated by three orthogonal pairs of electromagnets able to generate such 3D aggregations of MTB. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364913500543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]],"date-time":"2013-11-12T03:39:47Z","timestamp":1384227587000},"page":"359-374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Three-dimensional remote aggregation and steering of magnetotactic bacteria microrobots for drug delivery applications"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Dominic","family":"de Lanauze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoRobotics Laboratory, Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al (EPM), Campus of the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Canada"}]},{"given":"Ouajdi","family":"Felfoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoRobotics Laboratory, Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al (EPM), Campus of the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Canada"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Turcot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoRobotics Laboratory, Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al (EPM), Campus of the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Canada"}]},{"given":"Mahmood","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoRobotics Laboratory, Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al (EPM), Campus of the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, 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