{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T05:55:38Z","timestamp":1775109338633,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,6]],"date-time":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Robotics Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper presents a robotic manipulation system capable of autonomously positioning a multi-segment soft fluidic elastomer robot in three dimensions. Specifically, we present an extremely soft robotic manipulator morphology that is composed entirely from low durometer elastomer, powered by pressurized air, and designed to be both modular and durable. To understand the deformation of a single arm segment, we develop and experimentally validate a static deformation model. Then, to kinematically model the multi-segment manipulator, we use a piece-wise constant curvature assumption consistent with more traditional continuum manipulators. In addition, we define a complete fabrication process for this new manipulator and use this process to make multiple functional prototypes. In order to power the robot\u2019s spatial actuation, a high capacity fluidic drive cylinder array is implemented, providing continuously variable, closed-circuit gas delivery. Next, using real-time data from a vision system, we develop a processing and control algorithm that generates realizable kinematic curvature trajectories and controls the manipulator\u2019s configuration along these trajectories. Lastly, we experimentally demonstrate new capabilities offered by this soft fluidic elastomer manipulation system such as entering and advancing through confined three-dimensional environments as well as conforming to goal shape-configurations within a sagittal plane under closed-loop control. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364915587925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,8]],"date-time":"2015-10-08T01:27:51Z","timestamp":1444267671000},"page":"840-869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":285,"title":["Design, kinematics, and control of a soft spatial fluidic elastomer           manipulator"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Marchese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory,\r          Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Rus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory,\r          Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0278364915587925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/01439910210425531"},{"key":"bibr2-0278364915587925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOROB.2010.5625959"},{"key":"bibr3-0278364915587925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/6\/3\/036002"},{"key":"bibr4-0278364915587925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2009.2022426"},{"key":"bibr5-0278364915587925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2006.282129"},{"key":"bibr6-0278364915587925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/100.388263"},{"key":"bibr7-0278364915587925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574799001009"},{"key":"bibr8-0278364915587925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28572-1_16"},{"key":"bibr9-0278364915587925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2013.6630851"},{"key":"bibr10-0278364915587925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deimel R, Brock O (2014) A novel type of compliant,             underactuated robotic hand for dexterous grasping. 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