{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:31:40Z","timestamp":1784179900791,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":398,"URL":"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/licence-information-for-chorus"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005073","name":"Agency for Defense Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UD140073ID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UD140073ID"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005073","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BAA-10-65-M3-FP-024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAA-10-65-M3-FP-024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Robotics Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the design and implementation of a bounding controller for the MIT Cheetah 2 and its experimental results. The paper introduces the architecture of the controller along with the functional roles of its subcomponents. The application of impulse scaling provides feedforward force profiles that automatically adapt across a wide range of speeds. A discrete gait pattern stabilizer maintains the footfall sequence and timing. Continuous feedback is layered to manage balance during the stance phase. Stable hybrid limit cycles are exhibited in simulation using simplified models, and are further validated in untethered three-dimensional bounding experiments. Experiments are conducted both indoors and outdoors on various man-made and natural terrains. The control framework is shown to provide stable bounding in the hardware, at speeds of up to 6.4 m\/s and with a minimum total cost of transport of 0.47. These results are unprecedented accomplishments in terms of efficiency and speed in untethered experimental quadruped machines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364917694244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,7]],"date-time":"2017-03-07T01:18:17Z","timestamp":1488849497000},"page":"167-192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":241,"title":["High-speed bounding with the MIT Cheetah 2: Control design and experiments"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Hae-Won","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick M","family":"Wensing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangbae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"bibr1-0278364917694244","first-page":"1","volume":"55","author":"Aaron SL","year":"1976","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation"},{"key":"bibr2-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2013.6630926"},{"key":"bibr3-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11370-014-0147-9"},{"key":"bibr4-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00197760"},{"key":"bibr5-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.2010366"},{"key":"bibr6-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1964921.1964954"},{"key":"bibr7-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HUMANOIDS.2014.7041375"},{"key":"bibr8-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2013.01.008"},{"key":"bibr9-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.23.3325"},{"key":"bibr10-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2013.6631035"},{"key":"bibr11-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2014.6907476"},{"key":"bibr12-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02783640122067255"},{"key":"bibr13-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2001.980200"},{"key":"bibr14-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/81.828574"},{"key":"bibr15-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3140702"},{"key":"bibr16-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2015.7140001"},{"key":"bibr17-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.066720"},{"key":"bibr18-0278364917694244","unstructured":"Hutter M (2013) StarlETH & Co. \u2013 design and control of legged robots with compliant actuation. PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich, Switzerland."},{"key":"bibr19-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2014.2360493"},{"key":"bibr20-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364913519834"},{"key":"bibr21-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364914532150"},{"key":"bibr22-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364910388677"},{"key":"bibr23-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364912452673"},{"key":"bibr24-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1576246.1531386"},{"key":"bibr25-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.008243"},{"key":"bibr26-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2010.5509646"},{"key":"bibr27-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574708004724"},{"key":"bibr28-0278364917694244","first-page":"39","volume":"2","author":"Nersesov S","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Hybrid Systems"},{"key":"bibr29-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-013-9341-4"},{"key":"bibr30-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-1021-7_60."},{"key":"bibr31-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2007.364148"},{"key":"bibr32-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2014.6943013"},{"key":"bibr33-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/10\/2\/025003"},{"key":"bibr34-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2015.7139918"},{"key":"bibr35-0278364917694244","author":"Park HW","year":"2015","journal-title":"Robotics: Science and systems"},{"key":"bibr36-0278364917694244","first-page":"1963","volume-title":"IEEE international conference on robotics and automation","author":"Park J","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr37-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3486-9"},{"key":"bibr38-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050867"},{"key":"bibr39-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364906066768"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr40-0278364917694244","first-page":"10822","volume-title":"World congress of the international federation of automatic control","volume":"41","author":"Raibert M","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr41-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MEX.1986.4307016"},{"key":"bibr42-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364909344635"},{"key":"bibr43-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364912469821"},{"key":"bibr44-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5980156"},{"key":"bibr45-0278364917694244","volume-title":"Linear Systems Theory","author":"Rugh WJ","year":"1996","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr46-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364915578839"},{"key":"bibr47-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0959651811402275"},{"key":"bibr48-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2010.2043757"},{"key":"bibr49-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2014.2339013"},{"key":"bibr50-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2012.6386252"},{"key":"bibr51-0278364917694244","first-page":"11","volume-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics symposium on computer animation","author":"Sok KW","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr52-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364910379882"},{"key":"bibr53-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219843615500395"},{"key":"bibr54-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-015-9420-9"},{"key":"bibr55-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2016.2640183."},{"key":"bibr56-0278364917694244","first-page":"411","volume-title":"Holonomy and Nonholonomy in the Dynamics of Articulated Motion","author":"Wieber PB","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr57-0278364917694244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2014.6907815"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Robotics Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0278364917694244","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0278364917694244","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0278364917694244","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0278364917694244","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:15:30Z","timestamp":1777457730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0278364917694244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0278364917694244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0278364917694244","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-3649","1741-3176"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-3649","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3176","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}}}