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The Artificial Neuromuscular Prosthesis (ANP) imitates the human neuromuscular system in the sense of its compliance, backdrivability, natural motion, proprioceptive sensing, and kinesthetics. To realize this challenging goal, we introduce a novel human-inspired and simulation-based development paradigm to design the prosthesis mechatronics in correspondence to the human body. The ANP provides body awareness, contact awareness, and human-like contact response, realized via floating base rigid-body models, disturbance observers, and joint impedance control\u2014concepts known from established state-of-the-art robotics. The ANP mechatronics is characterized by a four degrees of freedom (dof) torque-controlled human-like kinematics, a tendon-driven 2-dof wrist, and spatial orientation sensing at a weight of 1.7\u00a0kg (without hand and battery). The paper deals with the rigorous mathematical modeling, control, design and evaluation of this device type along initially defined requirements within a single prototype only. The proposed systemic and grasping capabilities are verified under laboratory conditions by an unimpaired user. Future work will increase the technology readiness level of the next generation device, where human studies with impaired users will be done. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/02783649231218719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T05:38:53Z","timestamp":1708493933000},"page":"942-980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A transhumeral prosthesis with an artificial neuromuscular system: Sim2real-guided design, modeling, and control"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0102-8633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Toedtheide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Robotics and Systems Intelligence and Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MIRMI), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2717-8506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edmundo Pozo","family":"Fortuni\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Robotics and Systems Intelligence and Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MIRMI), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Robotics and Systems Intelligence and Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MIRMI), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Robotics and Systems Intelligence and Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MIRMI), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7696-4955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Haddadin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Robotics and Systems Intelligence and Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MIRMI), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-02783649231218719","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2017.8009481"},{"key":"bibr2-02783649231218719","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/41\/22\/223001"},{"key":"bibr3-02783649231218719","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156855301317198133"},{"key":"bibr4-02783649231218719","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36224-X_9"},{"key":"bibr5-02783649231218719","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/01439910710774386"},{"key":"bibr6-02783649231218719","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364907073776"},{"key":"bibr7-02783649231218719","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2017.2781719"},{"key":"bibr8-02783649231218719","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2013.02.001"},{"key":"bibr9-02783649231218719","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7910\/DVN\/FU3QZ9"},{"key":"bibr10-02783649231218719","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab043"},{"key":"bibr11-02783649231218719","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.06.034"},{"key":"bibr12-02783649231218719","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering5020026"},{"key":"bibr13-02783649231218719","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dsj.2019.17"},{"key":"bibr14-02783649231218719","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.120121"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr15-02783649231218719","first-page":"1868","volume":"21","author":"Bennett DA","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr16-02783649231218719","first-page":"217","volume":"30","author":"Bridges MM","year":"2011","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest"},{"key":"bibr17-02783649231218719","unstructured":"Broenink JF, Ni Y, Groothuis MA (2010) On model-driven design of robot software using co-simulation. 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