{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T19:45:16Z","timestamp":1773431116297,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Grants Committee Early Career Scheme of The University of Hong Kong","award":["27202219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27202219"]}]},{"name":"DJI research donation"},{"name":"Huawei Cloud Computing Technologies Co., Ltd","award":["200010767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200010767"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Robotics Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In recent years, advancements in Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology have made 3D LiDAR sensors more compact, lightweight, and affordable. This progress has spurred interest in integrating LiDAR with sensors such as Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and cameras for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) research. Public datasets covering different scenarios, platforms, and viewpoints are crucial for multi-sensor fusion SLAM studies, yet most focus on handheld or vehicle-mounted devices with front or 360-degree views. Data from aerial vehicles with downward-looking views is scarce, existing relevant datasets usually feature low altitudes and are mostly limited to small campus environments. To fill this gap, we introduce the Multi-sensor Aerial Robots SLAM dataset (MARS-LVIG dataset), providing unique aerial downward-looking LiDAR-Visual-Inertial-GNSS data with viewpoints from altitudes between 80\u00a0m and 130\u00a0m. The dataset not only offers new aspects to test and evaluate existing SLAM algorithms, but also brings new challenges which can facilitate researches and developments of more advanced SLAM algorithms. The MARS-LVIG dataset contains 21 sequences, acquired across diversified large-area environments including an aero-model airfield, an island, a rural town, and a valley. Within these sequences, the UAV has speeds varying from 3\u00a0m\/s to 12\u00a0m\/s, a scanning area reaching up to 577,000\u00a0m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, and the max path length of 7.148\u00a0km in a single flight. This dataset encapsulates data collected by a lightweight, hardware-synchronized sensor package that includes a solid-state 3D LiDAR, a global-shutter RGB camera, IMUs, and a raw message receiver of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). For algorithm evaluation, this dataset releases ground truth of both localization and mapping, which are acquired by on-board Real-time Kinematic (RTK) and DJI L1 (post-processed by its supporting software DJI Terra), respectively. The dataset can be downloaded from: https:\/\/mars.hku.hk\/dataset.html . <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/02783649241227968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T02:42:05Z","timestamp":1706323325000},"page":"1114-1127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["MARS-LVIG dataset: A multi-sensor aerial robots SLAM dataset for LiDAR-visual-inertial-GNSS fusion"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8431-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haotian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Yuying","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1359-7235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Jiarong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4925-1498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Chunran","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Rundong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0131-061X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongjiao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Fanze","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0321-1164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Shunbo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Cloud Computing Technical Innovation Dept., Huawei Cloud Computing Technologies Co., Ltd., Gui'an, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1931-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaiwen","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Cloud Computing Technical Innovation Dept., Huawei Cloud Computing Technologies Co., Ltd., Gui'an, China"}]},{"given":"Fu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-02783649241227968","first-page":"130","volume-title":"International Symposium on Experimental Robotics","author":"Antonini A","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr2-02783649241227968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364913507326"},{"key":"bibr3-02783649241227968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364915620033"},{"key":"bibr4-02783649241227968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2021.3075644"},{"key":"bibr5-02783649241227968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2021.3133730"},{"key":"bibr6-02783649241227968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364915614638"},{"key":"bibr7-02783649241227968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8793887"},{"key":"bibr8-02783649241227968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6248074"},{"key":"bibr9-02783649241227968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMERR56497.2022.10097798"},{"key":"bibr10-02783649241227968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200459"},{"key":"bibr11-02783649241227968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2022.3183759"},{"key":"bibr12-02783649241227968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364919843996"},{"key":"bibr13-02783649241227968","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao J, Wei H, Hu T, et al. 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