{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T10:04:09Z","timestamp":1777716249591,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12321002, 91748209, 52405026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12321002, 91748209, 52405026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013314","name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B21034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B21034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013314","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Robotics Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The gait generator, which is capable of producing rhythmic signals for coordinating multiple joints, is an essential component in the quadruped robot locomotion control framework. The biological counterpart of the gait generator is the central pattern generator (abbreviated as CPG), a small neural network consisting of interacting neurons. Inspired by this architecture, researchers have designed artificial neural networks composed of simulated neurons or oscillator equations. Despite the widespread application of these designed CPGs in various robot locomotion controls, some issues remain unaddressed, including: (1) Simplistic network designs often overlook the symmetry between signal and network structure, resulting in fewer gait patterns than those found in nature. (2) Due to minimal architectural consideration, quadruped control CPGs typically consist of only four neurons, which restricts the network\u2019s direct control to leg phases rather than joint coordination. (3) Gait changes are achieved by varying the neuron couplings or the assignment between neurons and legs, rather than through external stimulation. We apply symmetry theory to design an eight-neuron network, composed of Stein neuronal models, capable of achieving five gaits and coordinated control of the hip-knee joints. We validate the signal stability of this network as a gait generator through numerical simulations, which reveal various results and patterns encountered during gait transitions using neuronal stimulation. Based on these findings, we have developed several successful gait transition strategies through neuronal stimulations. Using a commercial quadruped robot model, we demonstrate the feasibility of this network by implementing motion control, gait transitions, and sensory feedback.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/02783649251364286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T07:04:30Z","timestamp":1756191870000},"page":"602-627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An eight-neuron network for quadruped locomotion with hip-knee joint control"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2447-3107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yide","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1262-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9355-8086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0174-9457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1217-4644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoxing","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400849512"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8794016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2022.3218167"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2000.859467"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Alteration in the pattern of locomotion following a partial movement restraint in puppies","volume":"49","author":"B\u0142aszczyk J","year":"1989","unstructured":"B\u0142aszczyk J, Dobrzecka C (1989) Alteration in the pattern of locomotion following a partial movement restraint in puppies. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 49: 39\u201346.","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002850000058"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-06-02434.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","article-title":"Neurobiologically inspired control of engineered flapping flight","author":"Chung SJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chung SJ, Dorothy M (2012) Neurobiologically inspired control of engineered flapping flight. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics.","journal-title":"Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00198915"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00176458"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02429870"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","article-title":"Pybullet, a python module for physics simulation for games","author":"Coumans E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Coumans E, Bai Y (2024) Pybullet, a python module for physics simulation for games. Robotics and Machine Learning. 2016, Available. https:\/\/pybullet.org\/","journal-title":"Robotics and Machine Learning. 2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2018.8594448"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aay2627"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11198-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1090\/S0273-0979-06-01108-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2789(97)00222-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/44416"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/040612634"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","volume-title":"Singularities and Groups in Bifurcation Theory: Volume II","author":"Golubitsky M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Golubitsky M, Stewart I, Schaeffer DG (2012) Singularities and Groups in Bifurcation Theory: Volume II. Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3975635"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.08.030185.001313"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09035.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","unstructured":"Gu X Wang YJ Chen J (2024) Humanoid-gym: reinforcement learning for humanoid robot with zero-shot Sim2Real transfer."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1960.sp006541"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364914532150"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2008.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-control-091919-095731"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138353"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","unstructured":"Kim D Di Carlo J Katz B et al. (2019) Highly dynamic quadruped locomotion via whole-body impulse control and model predictive control. arXiv:1909: 06586."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156855301317198179"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364907078089"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abc5986"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.04.066"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2010.2097589"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS45743.2020.9340935"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2022.3176435"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2023.3286046"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2023.3338949"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2025.3539173"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364906076263"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2007.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198524052.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00348-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0669"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364909344635"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_1","volume-title":"Control of Legged Locomotion Using Dynamical Systems: Design Methods and Adaptive Frequency Oscillators","author":"Righetti L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Righetti L (2008) Control of Legged Locomotion Using Dynamical Systems: Design Methods and Adaptive Frequency Oscillators. Lausanne: EPFL. PhD Thesis."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15607\/RSS.2006.II.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2006.1641933"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2008.4543306"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOROB.2008.4762878"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10015-016-0324-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3281253"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3136645"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-023-08783-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00274808"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00270755"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys1508"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2005.863454"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15607\/RSS.2018.XIV.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abf6354"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_1","unstructured":"Unitree (2024a) Unitree Go1. Available. https:\/\/www.unitree.com\/products\/Go1\/ (Accessed: Jan 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_1","unstructured":"Unitree (2024b) Unitree Go1. Description. Available. https:\/\/github.com\/unitreerobotics\/unitree_ros\/tree\/master\/robots\/go1_description (Accessed: Jan 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364917743320"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364915612572"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2013.2280596"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Robotics Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02783649251364286","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02783649251364286","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02783649251364286","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:17:47Z","timestamp":1777457867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02783649251364286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02783649251364286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02783649251364286","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-3649","1741-3176"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-3649","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3176","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]}}}