{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:46:07Z","timestamp":1777715167365,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,6,1]],"date-time":"1991-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":675734400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Robotics Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The accuracy with which an industrial robot brings the load to a position and holds it there is perhaps the most important characteristic of an industrial robot. Many researchers have consequently been interested in this field during recent years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A common method for characterizing an industrial robot's ability to return to a position is to use the terms \"accuracy\" and \"repeatability, \" where accuracy characterizes the degree to which the actual measured value corresponds to a com manded value and repeatability the closeness of agreement between repeated measured values, under the same condi tions, to the same commanded value (ISO definitions). The normal approximation is regularly used when calculating the repeatability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A test on this assumption for six different industrial robots is reported in this article. Two approaches for this test are used: one looks at the shape of the frequency function for the repeatability figures measured, and the second uses a chi square test on the six data sets. The different tests show that there are small chances that the deviation of an industrial robot will follow a normal distribution. It seems to be a trend that the deviation has longer tails than the normal distribution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Simulation is used to elaborate on the consequences of the invalid assumption of normality in the definition of repeat ability. The conclusion is that it is reasonable to use the normal approximation when there is no strong evidence that the deviation distribution is negatively skewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/027836499101000308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,4]],"date-time":"2007-03-04T20:24:06Z","timestamp":1173039846000},"page":"276-283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Probability Distribution of Repeatability of Industrial Robots"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Einar","family":"Ramsli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manufacturing Technology Group EB Distribution Division Switchgear N-3701 Skien, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1991,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Draft American National Standard for Industrial Robots Performance Evaluation Rev 7A","author":"ANS (American National Standard).","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"RAAC. Robot Assessment Program, Test Equipment, Data Collection","author":"Ford Motor Company.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Draft International Standard\u2014Industrial Robots Performance Criteria and Related Testing Methods, DIS 9283","author":"Iso","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Proc. 14th International Symposium on Industrial Robots","author":"Langmoen, R."},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Industrial robot\u2014performance criteria and testing methods. Ph.D. thesis, Division of Production Engineering, The","author":"Ramsli, E.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Industrial Robots, Application Experience","author":"Warnecke, H.J.","year":"1982"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Robotics Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/027836499101000308","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/027836499101000308","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:14:15Z","timestamp":1777457655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/027836499101000308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,6]]},"references-count":6,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/027836499101000308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/027836499101000308","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-3649","1741-3176"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-3649","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3176","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,6]]}}}