{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T15:37:21Z","timestamp":1758814641563,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,1]],"date-time":"1996-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":833587200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Robotics Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This article describes the significance in human, scientific, and technical terms of the first experiment in telerobotic surgery carried out between the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, and the Telerobotics Laboratory of the Politecnico di Milano on 7 July 1993. <\/jats:p><jats:p> An Italian robot in the Telerobotics Laboratory was remotely controlled by an Italian surgeon in the United States. The robot's task was to perform a surgical operation on a model containing a pig's organs, involving execution of a biopsy, aspi ration of organic material, and two incisions in preparation of laparoscopy. Transmission was effected by means of a double satellite link, with three transceiver stations: one in Italy, one close to New York, and one in Pasadena, and two geostation ary satellites, the first over the Atlantic and the second over the United States. The route length of the signals was 150,000 km in each direction, and the two centers are 10,000 km apart. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/027836499601500303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,5]],"date-time":"2007-03-05T01:24:06Z","timestamp":1173057846000},"page":"267-279","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A New Telerobotic Application: Remote Laparoscopic Surgery Using Satellites and Optical Fiber Networks for Data Exchange"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Rovetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Telerobotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanics Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Remo","family":"Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telerobotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanics Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Cosmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telerobotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanics Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telerobotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanics Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Santo","family":"Milanesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telerobotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanics Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Sabbadini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telerobotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanics Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Togno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telerobotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanics Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Licinio","family":"Angelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universita'La Sapienza Istituto di Clinica Chirurgica Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Antal K.","family":"Bejczy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, CA 91109"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,1]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Teleoperation with virtual force feedback. 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Meccanica Oggi, Milano, Italy, Jackson, no. 55, pp. 56-60."},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"345","author":"Rovetta, A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"357","volume":"1","author":"Satava, R.M.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Minimally Invasive Therapy"},{"volume-title":"Telerobotics, Automation and Human Supervisory Control","year":"1992","author":"Sheridan, T.B.","key":"atypb26"},{"key":"atypb27","first-page":"145","volume":"4","author":"Szakaly, Z.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. NASA Conf. on Space Telerobotics"},{"volume-title":"Proc. 1st Int. Workshop on Mechatronics in Medicine and Surgery","author":"Taylor, R.","key":"atypb28"},{"key":"atypb29","unstructured":"Tech, W., and Ziemke, M.C. 1988. Teleoperators, research. In Dorf, R. C. (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Robotics . New York: John Wiley, pp. 1727-1740."},{"volume-title":"Proc. 3rd Int. 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