{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T15:51:33Z","timestamp":1777477893809,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many assumptions are made when imaging children. In particular a judgement is made regarding how safe or unsafe each imaging modality is, using relatively arbitrary definitions and distinctions, due to the lack of robust scientific data. Here, the latest evidence is reviewed, particularly regarding the medical exposure to ionizing radiation (X-rays and CT) and MRI in childhood. The best evidence currently available suggests a small but convincing risk of cumulative low-dose ionizing radiation in children. Given our predictions for the children imaged today, it seems reasonable to pursue non-ionizing-based techniques wherever possible, although there is emerging evidence that MRI and ultrasound may have hitherto unknown effects. As our knowledge base expands, we must continually review our practice in light of the latest scientific data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185113477399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,5]],"date-time":"2013-04-05T19:40:08Z","timestamp":1365190808000},"page":"983-990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Safety in pediatric imaging: an update"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Owen John","family":"Arthurs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Great Ormond\r                Street Hospital, London, UK;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvhild Alette","family":"Bj\u2298rkum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Laboratory\r                Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University\r                College, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0284185113477399","volume-title":"Referral guidelines for imaging","author":"European Commission","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr2-0284185113477399","unstructured":"International Commission on\n                        Radiological Protection (ICRP). Radiological protection in paediatric diagnostic and\n                        interventional radiology. Draft report for consultation, IRCP ref\n                        4839-3982-4649. Annals of the ICRP 2011.\n                    See http:\/\/www.icrp.org\/docs\/Radiological%20Protection%20in%20Paediatric%20Diagnosticc%20and%20Interventional%20Radiology.pdf"},{"key":"bibr3-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.4091"},{"key":"bibr4-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-008-1015-6"},{"key":"bibr5-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1524-4733.2002.55150.x"},{"key":"bibr6-0284185113477399","unstructured":"National Council on Radiation\n                        Protection & Measurements (NRCP). Report No 171 - Uncertainties\n                    in the Estimation of Radiation Risks and Probability of Disease Causation\n                        (2012). See http:\/\/www.ncrppublications.org\/Reports\/171"},{"key":"bibr7-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncq389"},{"key":"bibr8-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn045"},{"key":"bibr9-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60815-0"},{"key":"bibr10-0284185113477399","unstructured":"United Nations Scientific Committee\n                        on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). Sources and Effects\n                    of Ionizing Radiation. 2008 Report to the General Assembly. New\n                    York, NY: UN, 2010. See http:\/\/www.unscear.org\/docs\/reports\/2008\/09-86753_Report_2008_GA_Report_corr2.pdf"},{"key":"bibr11-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60897-6"},{"key":"bibr12-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncr429"},{"key":"bibr13-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.2.1760289"},{"key":"bibr14-0284185113477399","first-page":"584","volume":"9","author":"Chodick G","year":"2007","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"bibr15-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/90758403"},{"key":"bibr16-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/594278"},{"key":"bibr17-0284185113477399","unstructured":"International Agency for Research\n                        on Cancer. EPI-CT International Pediatric CT Scan Study. See\n                        http:\/\/epi-ct.iarc.fr\/"},{"key":"bibr18-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d472"},{"key":"bibr19-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.70.830.9135438"},{"key":"bibr20-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0955300031000114729"},{"key":"bibr21-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2011.05635.x"},{"key":"bibr22-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.171.1.2928535"},{"key":"bibr23-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605294103"},{"key":"bibr24-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.3983"},{"key":"bibr25-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1859.1"},{"key":"bibr26-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.2556"},{"key":"bibr27-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-011-2315-9"},{"key":"bibr28-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-008-0846-5"},{"key":"bibr29-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-012-2430-2"},{"key":"bibr30-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e328304115b"},{"key":"bibr31-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e32833bb524"},{"key":"bibr32-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-011-2147-7"},{"key":"bibr33-0284185113477399","unstructured":"Medicines and Healthcare Products\n                        Regulatory Agency. Drug Safety Update 2010 Vol\n                        3 Issue 6"},{"key":"bibr34-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21975"},{"key":"bibr35-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.296095517"},{"key":"bibr36-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-007-0633-8"},{"key":"bibr37-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-009-1236-3"},{"key":"bibr38-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2007.0019"},{"key":"bibr39-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JungJW, KangHR, KimMH.\n                    Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to gadolinium-based MR contrast media.\n                    Radiology\n                        2012;264:414\u201322","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12112025"},{"key":"bibr40-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.2554"},{"key":"bibr41-0284185113477399","first-page":"1643","volume":"188","author":"Dillman JR","year":"2007","journal-title":"nonionic iodinated contrast material in children. Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"bibr42-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10196"},{"key":"bibr43-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adnc.2004.07.006"},{"key":"bibr44-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph6061778"},{"key":"bibr45-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201200122"},{"key":"bibr46-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2004.08.012"},{"key":"bibr47-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20485"},{"key":"bibr48-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2004.08.008"},{"key":"bibr49-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2243011300"},{"key":"bibr50-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2586(200007)12:1<122::AID-JMRI14>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"bibr51-0284185113477399","unstructured":"ZarembaLA.\n                        Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff. Criteria for Significant\n                        Risk Investigations of Magnetic Resonance Diagnostic Devices. Silver Spring,\n                        MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services\n                        Food and Drug Administration, 2003. See http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cdrh\/ode\/guidance\/793.pdf"},{"key":"bibr52-0284185113477399","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration\n                        (FDA). Guidance for the submission of premarket notifications for\n                    magnetic resonance diagnostic devices. Silver Spring, MD: FDA,\n                    2008. See http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/MedicalDevices\/DeviceRegulationandGuidance\/GuidanceDocuments\/ucm073817.htm"},{"key":"bibr53-0284185113477399","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical\n                        Commission (IEC). International standard, medical equipment-part 2:\n                    particular requirements for the safety of magnetic resonance equipment for\n                    medical diagnosis. 2nd edn. Geneva: IEC, 2002"},{"key":"bibr54-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20977"},{"key":"bibr55-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000133911.79161.AF"},{"key":"bibr56-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000216292.82271.bc"},{"key":"bibr57-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen388"},{"key":"bibr58-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.05.019"},{"key":"bibr59-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10092366"},{"key":"bibr60-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000310001610961"},{"key":"bibr61-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.09.026"},{"key":"bibr62-0284185113477399","first-page":"277","volume":"17","author":"Ali MA","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rom J Biophys"},{"key":"bibr63-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2008.08.011"},{"key":"bibr64-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgl177"},{"key":"bibr65-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20425"},{"key":"bibr66-0284185113477399","unstructured":"International Commission on\n                        Radiological Protection (ICRP). ICRP Publication 103. The 2007\n                    Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Ann\n                    ICRP 2007;37(2\u20134).\n                    See http:\/\/www.icrp.org\/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103"},{"key":"bibr67-0284185113477399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21132"}],"container-title":["Acta Radiologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0284185113477399","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0284185113477399","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:00:14Z","timestamp":1777384814000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0284185113477399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0284185113477399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0284185113477399","relation":{},"ISSN":["0284-1851","1600-0455"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0284-1851","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0455","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}}}